Non-insulin pharmacological therapy in pregnancy.

During pregnancy, when glycaemic levels remain uncontrolled, despite lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy is advised, usually insulin which has been the gold standard for treatment. Recent studies however suggest that certain oral anti diabetic agents (OADs) may be safe and acceptable alternatives. There may be potential advantages for the use of metformin over insulin in GDM with respect to maternal weight gain and neonatal outcomes. However, as metformin crosses the placenta, its use during pregnancy raises concerns regarding potential adverse effects on the mother and foetus. Glibenclamide, a second generation sulfonylurea, more effective in glycaemic control in women with GDM has a lower treatment failure rate than metformin but there is lack of long term follow up data. Even though generally well tolerated, some studies report higher rates of preeclampsia, macrosomia, neonatal jaundice, neonatal hypoglycaemia and longer stay in neonatal care unit.