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Changes in Myeloid Lineage Cells in the Uterus and Peripheral Blood of Dairy Heifers During Early Pregnancy.

Establishment of pregnancy requires interaction between the developing conceptus and the uterine mucosal immune system. Little is known regarding the role and distribution of myeloid lineage cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) during early pregnancy in ruminants. We tested the hypothesis that myeloid lineage cell number, distribution and function are altered during early pregnancy in dairy heifers. Dairy heifers were inseminated using sperm from a single bull (Day 0), and uteri and blood were collected at slaughter on Day 17 and 20 of pregnancy to investigate the response of uterine myeloid lineage cells to the presence of a conceptus. Responses were compared to non-inseminated heifers on Day 17 of the estrous cycle. The immune cells were isolated magnetically and examined using flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence analysis was used to evaluate the number and distribution of myeloid lineage cells and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to quantify mRNA abundance of transcripts associated with myeloid lineage cell function in the endometrium. Abundance of transcripts for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, cluster of differentiation (CD) 80 and CD86, CD163 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) 1 and were greater in the endometrium of pregnant compared to cyclic heifers. Immunofluoresence analysis revealed increased labelling for MHCII and SIRPA in pregnant compared to cyclic heifers. There were approximately 50 % more CD14(+)CD11c(+) cells in the peripheral circulation of pregnant compared to cyclic heifers. Results from these experiments showed a greater number of myeloid lineage cells during early pregnancy in dairy heifers and this increase was most pronounced in and around the shallow glands. Furthermore, expression of proteins associated with an alternatively-activated phenotype of these cells also increased in pregnant heifers. These results support the hypothesis that myeloid lineage cells with an alternatively-activated phenotype are involved in establishment of pregnancy in dairy heifers.

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