Renal transplantation: technical aspects, diagnosis and management of early and late urological complications.

INTRODUCTION: Renal transplantation (RT) represents actually the most effective therapy in patients with end-stage renal failure as it is cost effective, allows for a normal life style and reduces the risk of mortality from dialysis related complications. The purpose of the present review is to update the recent published literature regarding the technical aspects, diagnosis and the urological complications associated with renal transplantation.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed and Thomson-Reuters Web of Science between February 2014 and June 2016. Using free-text protocol, the following terms were applied: "chronic kidney failure", "renal transplantation", "robot-assisted surgery", "laparoscopy", "living donor nephrectomy", "surgical techniques", "urological complications".

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: RT represents actually the most effective therapy in patients with end-stage renal failure as it is cost effective, allows for a normal life style and reduces the risk of mortality from dialysis related complications. In the last 2 years, an increased number of published studies on the use of robot-assisted surgery for RT has been presented.

CONCLUSIONS: We could expect that in the next future RKT and LDN are both destined to replace open surgery also in a special field as RT.