Key roles of EMT for adaptive resistance to MEK inhibitor in KRAS mutant lung cancer.

KRAS is frequently mutated in a variety of cancers including lung cancer. Whereas the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a well-known effector pathway of KRAS, blocking this pathway with MEK inhibitors is relatively ineffective. One major contributor to limited efficacy is attributed to the reactivation of MAPK signal following MEK inhibition by multiple feedback mechanisms. In a recent study, we have identified that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition defines feedback activation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling following MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant lung cancer. In epithelial-like cells, this feedback was mediated by ERBB3. In contrast, in mesenchymal-like cells, the feedback was attributed to the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) pathway. FGFR1 was dominantly expressed in mesenchymal-like cells: suppression of SPRY proteins by MEK inhibition relieved negative feedback control of basal FGFR-FRS2 function, resulting in reactivation of MAPK signaling via FGFR1. Therapeutically, the combination of MEK inhibitor trametinib with an FGFR inhibitor induced tumor regressions in tumor xenografts derived from mesenchymal-like KRAS mutant cancer cell lines as well as a patient derived xenograft model with a representative mesenchymal phenotype. Collectively, feedback activation of MAPK by FGFR1 signaling mitigates the effect of MEK inhibitor in mesenchymal-like KRAS mutant lung tumors, and combinations of clinically available FGFR1 inhibitors and MAPK inhibitors constitute a therapeutic approach to treat these cancers effectively.