Calcium Signals from the Vacuole.

The vacuole is by far the largest intracellular Ca(2+) store in most plant cells. Here, the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of vacuolar Ca(2+) release and Ca(2+) uptake is summarized, and how different vacuolar Ca(2+) channels and Ca(2+) pumps may contribute to Ca(2+) signaling in plant cells is discussed. To provide a phylogenetic perspective, the distribution of potential vacuolar Ca(2+) transporters is compared for different clades of photosynthetic eukaryotes. There are several candidates for vacuolar Ca(2+) channels that could elicit cytosolic [Ca(2+)] transients. Typical second messengers, such as InsP₃ and cADPR, seem to trigger vacuolar Ca(2+) release, but the molecular mechanism of this Ca(2+) release still awaits elucidation. Some vacuolar Ca(2+) channels have been identified on a molecular level, the voltage-dependent SV/TPC1 channel, and recently two cyclic-nucleotide-gated cation channels. However, their function in Ca(2+) signaling still has to be demonstrated. Ca(2+) pumps in addition to establishing long-term Ca(2+) homeostasis can shape cytosolic [Ca(2+)] transients by limiting their amplitude and duration, and may thus affect Ca(2+) signaling.