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Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine following infant spinal anesthesia.
Paediatric Anaesthesia 2016 June
BACKGROUND: Infant spinal anesthesia with levobupivacaine has been promoted as a technique to reduce both the risk of postoperative apnea and exposure to volatile anesthesia. There is, however, no pharmacokinetic data to support the currently recommended doses.
AIMS: Our aim was to determine whether infant levobupivacaine spinal anesthesia is associated with plasma concentrations consistent with a low risk of local anesthetic systemic toxicity.
METHODS: This was an open-label pharmacokinetic safety and tolerability study of levobupivacaine spinal anesthesia in infants <55 weeks Post Menstrual Age undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Infants received a spinal anesthetic with levobupivacaine 1 mg·kg(-1) in the left lateral position.
RESULTS: Spinal anesthesia was successful in 25 (86.2%) of 29 infants (postmenstrual age 36-52 weeks; weight 2.2-4.7 kg). The median (IQR) total venous levobupivacaine plasma concentrations was 0.33 (0.25-0.42) μg·ml(-1) and unbound venous levobupivacaine was 19.5 (14.5-38) ng·ml(-1) . Median protein binding was 93.5 (91.4-96%). Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein concentrations were 0.25 (0.17-0.37) g·l(-1) and albumin concentrations were 29 (24-32) g·l(-1) .
CONCLUSION: Total plasma concentrations and unbound (free) concentration of levobupivacaine were consistently lower than concentrations reported in cases of pediatric local anesthetic toxicity. In a small number of infants requiring a repeat spinal of 1 mg·kg(-1) was also associated with acceptable total and free concentrations. We conclude that levobupivacaine at 1 mg·kg(-1) is associated with no systemic side effects in infants receiving awake spinal anesthesia.
AIMS: Our aim was to determine whether infant levobupivacaine spinal anesthesia is associated with plasma concentrations consistent with a low risk of local anesthetic systemic toxicity.
METHODS: This was an open-label pharmacokinetic safety and tolerability study of levobupivacaine spinal anesthesia in infants <55 weeks Post Menstrual Age undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Infants received a spinal anesthetic with levobupivacaine 1 mg·kg(-1) in the left lateral position.
RESULTS: Spinal anesthesia was successful in 25 (86.2%) of 29 infants (postmenstrual age 36-52 weeks; weight 2.2-4.7 kg). The median (IQR) total venous levobupivacaine plasma concentrations was 0.33 (0.25-0.42) μg·ml(-1) and unbound venous levobupivacaine was 19.5 (14.5-38) ng·ml(-1) . Median protein binding was 93.5 (91.4-96%). Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein concentrations were 0.25 (0.17-0.37) g·l(-1) and albumin concentrations were 29 (24-32) g·l(-1) .
CONCLUSION: Total plasma concentrations and unbound (free) concentration of levobupivacaine were consistently lower than concentrations reported in cases of pediatric local anesthetic toxicity. In a small number of infants requiring a repeat spinal of 1 mg·kg(-1) was also associated with acceptable total and free concentrations. We conclude that levobupivacaine at 1 mg·kg(-1) is associated with no systemic side effects in infants receiving awake spinal anesthesia.
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