Modulation of Chromatin by Noncoding RNA.

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are remarkably powerful, flexible, and pervasive cellular regulators. The involvement of these molecules in virtually all aspects of eukaryotic chromatin function is notable. Long and short ncRNAs play broadly complementary roles in these processes. Short ncRNAs underlie a programmable system of chromatin modification that silences mobile elements, identifies boundaries, and initiates the formation of constitutive heterochromatin in yeast. In contrast, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) enforce developmentally appropriate expression and switch gene expression programs. lncRNAs accomplish this through diverse mechanisms, but often by modulating the activity or localization of chromatin regulatory complexes. Both long and short ncRNAs play key roles in organization of complex genomes of higher eukaryotes, and their coordinated actions appear to underlie some of the more dramatic examples of epigenetic regulation. This review contrasts well-studied examples of chromatin regulation by RNA and introduces examples of coordination between these systems.