Cardiac involvement in patients with cirrhosis: a focus on clinical features and diagnosis.

Cirrhotic heart has been traditionally considered protected from cardiovascular disease, even if a large amount of literature has recently shown that patients affected by chronic liver disease are exposed to cardiovascular events, as well. Since the first recognition of cardiac involvement in cirrhosis, all published studies explain that decompensated cirrhotic patients suffer from haemodynamic changes, currently known as hyperdynamic syndrome, which finally lead to cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. This is defined by the presence of a subclinical systolic dysfunction unmasked under stress conditions, impaired diastolic function and electrophysiological abnormalities, in the absence of any known cardiac disease. In this review, we will discuss the clinical and diagnostic features of this condition, the prevalence of associated comorbidities, echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance hallmarks and the possible diagnostic role of serum biomarkers.