A Novel Hybrid Approach for Balloon Dilation of Pulmonary Vein Stenosis Following Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Repair with Atrial Septal Patching.

Pulmonary venous obstruction after the repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a serious complication. Transcatheter interventional treatment is a palliative choice to defer the timing of surgery; however, penetrating through the patched atrial septum may be difficult. We report a technique for pulmonary venous obstruction after mixed-type total anomalous pulmonary venous connection repair using balloon dilatation of the pulmonary veins through a novel hybrid approach.