Sleep apnea ABCs: airway, breathing, circulation.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is increasingly common but largely underrecognized. Untreated, it is associated with heart disease, stroke, and sudden nocturnal death. Simple clinical assessments can determine if a patient is likely to have OSA and is a candidate for diagnostic polysomnography. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the mainstay of treatment and ameliorates symptoms as well as long-term sequelae. Patient education and effective troubleshooting and evaluation of CPAP adherence issues increase successful adjustment to therapy. Alternative treatments can be considered in those whose OSA does not respond to standard CPAP therapy.