Long term respiratory outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia, and cardiovascular anomalies.

Intrathoracic congenital malformations may be associated with long-term pulmonary morbidity. This certainly is the case for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia and cardiac and aortic arch abnormalities. These conditions have variable degrees of impaired development of both the airways and lung vasculature, with a postnatal impact on lung function and bronchial reactivity. Pulmonary complications are themselves frequently associated to non-pulmonary morbidities, including gastrointestinal and orthopaedic complications. These are best recognized in a structured multidisciplinary follow-up clinic so that they can be actively managed.