Local infiltration analgesia.

Pain after major abdominal, orthopedic, and thoracic surgeries can be significant causing unacceptable morbidity. Poorly controlled pain results in patient dissatisfaction and may also be associated with major morbidities, including perioperative myocardial ischemia, pulmonary complications, altered immune function, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Various techniques are currently used to manage this pain, and opioids are amongst the most frequently used. Recent literature supports the use of regional anesthesia in the form of various peripheral nerve blocks as a better alternative. This article discusses the role and evidence for wound infiltration analgesia in general surgery, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, and thoracic surgery.