Application of ultrasound in nephrology practice.

Ultrasonography plays critical roles in many aspects of nephrology practice. Applications include the evaluation of the kidneys and urinary tract, guidance for the percutaneous kidney biopsy and temporary hemodialysis access placement, and vascular ultrasound of upper extremities related to the permanent hemodialysis access. The simplicity of technique and the limited spectrum of pathological changes coupled with portability, low cost, and safety make sonography the modality of choice for kidney and vascular imaging. This review summarizes the indications for kidney and vascular ultrasound and describes the most commonly encountered findings. Although many ultrasound findings are nonspecific, their diagnostic use is greatly enhanced by knowledge of the clinical presentation. Therefore, it is essential for nephrologists to possess skills in performing and interpreting ultrasound studies in order to improve the care of patients with kidney diseases.