Surgery for testicular cancer: indication, results and technical aspects.

The standard therapeutique approach to patients with advanced germ cell tumors of the testis is a combination of systemic chemotherapy with surgical removal of the residual disease. The indication of surgery, residual tumor resection (RTR) or retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), has changed during the last 10 years. Sugery is not longer recommended after chemotherapy of pure seminoma and surveillance of the residual tumor is the favored option. RPLND is a critical component of the treatment armentarium in low-stage nonseminomatous germ cell. RPLND is an accurate staging tool prviding important information to dtermine the need for chemotherapy. When performed properly, RPLND eliminates the retroperitoneum as a site for relapse, wich in turn provides emotional and psychological relief to the patient, and simplifies the follow-up protocol. In advanced nonseminomatous tumours, surgery after chemotherapy is recommended in most of the cases since large studies have shown that a considerable proportion of patients with complete radiological remission after chemotherapy harbor vital carcinoma or teratoma. Prediction models of necrosis after chemotherapy in order to avoid RTR are generally accepted since the accuracy of most models is too low. RTR is indicated in patients with elevated markers after two different chemotherapy regimens (including salvage chemotherapy) either to resect teratoma or cystic residual disease or to remove chemorefractory disease. Laparoscopic approache is a viable staging tool; however, oncologic control of the retroperitoneum has not been reliably determined.