Traditional management of invasive cervical cancer.

Cervical carcinoma is staged clinically by examination and simple radiological procedures. CT and MRI can, however, be used to guide management. Prognosis is best made by tumor size. depth of invasion, parametrial involvement, nodal status, LVSI, and histology. CIN III and CIS can be treated by ablative or excisional procedures. Hysterectomy should not be the primary treatment. Microinvasive (<3 mm) Stage IA cervical carcinoma can be treated conservatively with conization in patients who desire fertility, but the standard of care remains simple hysterectomy. Stages IB and IIA can be treated with either radical hysterectomy or radiation therapy dependent upon the patient's health and preference. Risk factors after radical hysterectomy (eg, bulky tumors, deep invasion, involved nodes or margins. LVSI) might warrant adjuvant radiation therapy. Chemoirradiation is the current standard of care for treatment for Stages IIB, III, and [VA. Some clinicians also use this modality in patients with Stage IB disease who are undergoing radiation as the primary treatment. Locally recurrent disease can be treated with either radiation (after radical hysterectomy) or pelvic exeteration (after primary radiation therapy). Exenteration in appropriately selected patients yields 5-year survival rates up to 82% with low complication rates. Many exenterations are aborted intraoperatively because of distant or unresectable disease, however. The incidence of glandular carcinoma of the cervix is rising, particularly in younger women. Cervical carcinoma detected during pregnancy requires the combined efforts of the gynecologic oncologist and the maternal-fetal medical specialist to determine the timing and method of treatment.