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OBJECTIVE: To explore the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) to classify breast cancer by mammographic density in an organized screening program. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We included information about 99,489 examinations from 74,941 women who participated in BreastScreen Norway, 2013-2019. All examinations were analyzed with an AI system that assigned a malignancy risk score (AI score) from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) for each examination. Mammographic density was classified into Volpara density grade (VDG), VDG1-4; VDG1 indicated fatty and VDG4 extremely dense breasts...

In the battle of the host against lentiviral pathogenesis, the immune response is crucial. However, several questions remain unanswered about the interaction with different viruses and their influence on disease progression. The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infecting nonhuman primates (NHP) is widely used as a model for the study of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both because they are evolutionarily linked and because they share physiological and anatomical similarities that are largely explored to understand the disease progression...

In secondary lymphoid tissues, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can replicate in both the follicular and extrafollicular compartments. Yet, virus is concentrated in the follicular compartment in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, in part due to the lack of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated activity there. CTLs home to the extrafollicular compartment, where they can suppress virus load to relatively low levels. We use mathematical models to show that this compartmentalization can explain seemingly counter-intuitive observations...

Subtype interference has a significant impact on the epidemiological patterns of seasonal influenza viruses (SIVs). We used attributable risk percent [the absolute value of the ratio of the effective reproduction number (Rₑ) of different subtypes minus one] to quantify interference intensity between A/H1N1 and A/H3N2, as well as B/Victoria and B/Yamagata. The interference intensity between A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 was higher in southern China 0.26 (IQR: 0.11-0.46) than in northern China 0.17 (IQR: 0.07-0.24)...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Low muscle strength, low muscle mass, and sarcopenia have a negative impact on health outcomes in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Different diagnostic modalities are used to identify these conditions but it is unknown how well the modalities agree. The aim of this study was to compare different diagnostic modalities by means of calculating the proportion of low muscle strength, low muscle mass, and sarcopenia in CRC patients, and to investigate the agreement for sarcopenia between the various modalities...

Silicon vacancy centers (SiVs) in diamond have emerged as a promising platform for quantum sciences due to their excellent photostability, minimal spectral diffusion, and substantial zero-phonon line emission. However, enhancing their slow nanosecond excited-state lifetime by coupling to optical cavities remains an outstanding challenge, as current demonstrations are limited to ∼10-fold. Here, we couple negatively charged SiVs to sub-diffraction-limited plasmonic cavities and achieve an instrument-limited ≤8 ps lifetime, corresponding to a 135-fold spontaneous emission rate enhancement and a 19-fold photoluminescence enhancement...

The silicon vacancy (SiV) center in diamond is drawing much attention due to its optical and spin properties, attractive for quantum information processing and sensing. Comparatively little is known, however, about the dynamics governing SiV charge state interconversion mainly due to challenges associated with generating, stabilizing, and characterizing all possible charge states, particularly at room temperature. Here, multi-color confocal microscopy and density functional theory are used to examine photo-induced SiV recombination - from neutral, to single-, to double-negatively charged - over a broad spectral window in chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) diamond under ambient conditions...

BACKGROUND: The Great Mekong Subregion has attained a major decline in malaria cases and fatalities over the last years, but residual transmission hotspots remain, supposedly fueled by forest workers and migrant populations. This study aimed to: (i) characterize the fine-scale mobility of forest-goers and understand links between their daily movement patterns and malaria transmission, using parasites detection via real time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) and the individual exposure to Anopheles bites by quantification of anti-Anopheles saliva antibodies via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; (ii) assess the concordance of questionnaires and Global Positioning System (GPS) data loggers for measuring mobility...

CD4 T cells survey and maintain immune homeostasis in the brain, yet their differentiation states and functional capabilities remain unclear. Our approach, combining single-cell transcriptomic analysis, ATAC-seq, spatial transcriptomics, and flow cytometry, revealed a distinct subset of CCR7+ CD4 T cells resembling lymph node central memory (TCM) cells. We observed chromatin accessibility at the CCR7, CD28, and BCL-6 loci, defining molecular features of TCM. Brain CCR7+ CD4 T cells exhibited recall proliferation and interleukin-2 production ex vivo, showcasing their functional competence...

BACKGROUND: RhCMV/SIV vaccines protect ∼59% of vaccinated rhesus macaques against repeated limiting-dose intra-rectal exposure with highly pathogenic SIVmac239M, but the exact mechanism responsible for the vaccine efficacy is not known. It is becoming evident that complex interactions exist between gut microbiota and the host immune system. Here we aimed to investigate if the rhesus gut microbiome impacts RhCMV/SIV vaccine-induced protection. METHODS: Three groups of 15 rhesus macaques naturally pre-exposed to RhCMV were vaccinated with RhCMV/SIV vaccines...

OBJECTIVE: To describe the findings, treatment, and outcome of small intestinal volvulus (SIV) in 47 cows. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURE: Retrospective analysis of medical records. Comparison of the findings for 18 surviving and 29 non-surviving cows. RESULTS: The most common abnormal vital signs were tachycardia (68.0%), tachypnea (59.6%), and decreased rectal temperature (51.1%). Signs of colic occurred in 66.0% of cows in the study. Rumen motility was reduced or absent in 93...

Visual hallucinations in psychosis are under-researched despite associations with increased illness severity, functional impairments, and suicidality in the few existing studies. Further, there are no long-term longitudinal studies, making it impossible to conclude if these associations are state or trait phenomena. In the current prospective longitudinal study, 184 individuals with first-episode psychosis were assessed with semi-structured clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires at baseline and 10-year follow-up...

Malaria remains a global health challenge, disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities. Despite substantial progress, the emergence of anti-malarial drug resistance poses a constant threat. The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), which includes Cambodia, China's Yunnan province, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam has been the epicentre for the emergence of resistance to successive generations of anti-malarial therapies. From the perspective of the World Health Organization (WHO), this article considers the collaborative efforts in the GMS, to contain Plasmodium falciparum artemisinin partial resistance and multi-drug resistance and to advance malaria elimination...

While CD4+ T cell depletion is key to disease progression in people living with HIV and SIV-infected macaques, the mechanisms underlying this depletion remain incompletely understood, with most cell death involving uninfected cells. In contrast, SIV infection of "natural" hosts such as sooty mangabeys does not cause CD4+ depletion and AIDS despite high-level viremia. Here, we report that the CARD8 inflammasome is activated immediately after HIV entry by the viral protease encapsulated in incoming virions...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: HIV reservoirs are the main barrier to cure. CD4+ T cells have been extensively studied as the primary HIV-1 reservoir. However, there is substantial evidence that HIV-1-infected myeloid cells (monocytes/macrophages) also contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies in animal models and people with HIV-1 demonstrate that myeloid cells are cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. HIV-1 genomes and viral RNA have been reported in circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages from the brain, urethra, gut, liver, and spleen...

BACKGROUNDS: We aimed to investigate surgeons in training knowledge of clinical decision rules (CDR) for diagnosing appendicitis and their attitudes toward implementing them. METHODS: We included surgeons in training practicing in East Denmark who independently could decide to perform a diagnostic laparoscopy for suspected appendicitis. The survey was developed in Research Electronic Data Capture and face-validated before use. It consisted of three parts: (1) the characteristics of the surgeons, (2) their diagnostic approach, and (3) their knowledge and attitude toward introducing CDR in the clinic...

UNLABELLED: The generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to specific HIV epitopes of the HIV Envelope (Env) is one of the cornerstones of HIV vaccine research. The current animal models we use have been unable to reliable produce a broadly neutralizing antibody response, with the exception of cows. Cows have rapidly and reliably produced a CD4 binding site response by homologous prime and boosting with a native-like Env trimer. In small animal models other engineered immunogens previously have been able to focus antibody responses to the bnAb V2-apex region of Env...

Metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals, even those receiving optimal antiretroviral therapy. Here, we utilized the SIV rhesus macaque model and advanced laparoscopic techniques for longitudinal collection of liver tissue to elucidate the timing of pathologic changes. The livers of both SIV-infected (N = 9) and SIV-naïve uninfected (N = 8) macaques were biopsied and evaluated at four time points (weeks -4, 2, 6, and 16-20 post-infection) and at necropsy (week 32)...

Alcohol misuse and HIV independently induce myopathy. We previously showed that chronic binge alcohol (CBA) administration, with or without simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), decreases differentiation capacity of male rhesus macaque myoblasts. We hypothesized that short-term alcohol and CBA/SIV would synergistically decrease differentiation capacity and impair bioenergetic parameters in female macaque myoblasts. Myoblasts from naïve (CBA- /SIV- ), vehicle [VEH]/SIV, and CBA/SIV (N = 4-6/group) groups were proliferated (3 days) and differentiated (5 days) with 0 or 50 mM ethanol (short-term)...

BACKGROUND: Cambodia aims to eliminate all forms of malaria by 2025. In 2020, 90% of all malaria cases were Plasmodium vivax. Thus, preventing P. vivax and relapse malaria is a top priority for elimination. 14-day primaquine, a World Health Organization-recommended radical cure treatment regimen, specifically targets dormant hypnozoites in the liver to prevent relapse. Cambodia introduced P. vivax radical cure with primaquine after glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) qualitative testing in 2019...