Pelvic inflammatory disease review

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a sexually transmitted infection that can lead to adverse reproductive health outcomes. CT prevalence estimates are primarily derived from screening using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). However, screening guidelines in the United States only include particular subpopulations, and NAATs only detect current infections. In contrast, seroassays identify past CT infections which are important for understanding the public health impacts of CT, including pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal factor infertility...

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a relative contraindication to external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for prostate cancer patients due to fear of increased risk of gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. High-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, capable of minimizing radiation dose to surrounding tissues, is a feasible alternative. Given limited data, this study examined the safety profile of HDR brachytherapy in this setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patients with localized prostate cancer and IBD treated with HDR brachytherapy at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), between 2010 and 2022...

BACKGROUND: Genetic factors of chronic intestinal ulcers are increasingly garnering attention. We present a case of chronic intestinal ulcers and bleeding associated with mutations of the activin A receptor type II-like 1 ( ACVRL1 ) and phospholipase A2 group IVA ( PLA2G4A ) genes and review the available relevant literature. CASE SUMMARY: A 20-year-old man was admitted to our center with a 6-year history of recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dark stools. At the onset 6 years ago, the patient had received treatment at a local hospital for abdominal pain persisting for 7 d, under the diagnosis of diffuse peritonitis, acute gangrenous appendicitis with perforation, adhesive intestinal obstruction, and pelvic abscess...

INTRODUCTION: Autoimmune disorders often exhibit interconnectedness, although encountering multiple autoimmune conditions in a single patient is uncommon. Multiple autoimmune syndrome is characterized by the presence of at least three distinct autoimmune diseases in an individual. This report outlines the case of a middle-aged woman diagnosed with autoimmune thyroiditis, Sjögren's syndrome, scleroderma, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and antisynthetase syndrome...

Endometriosis (EM) is a gynecological inflammatory disease often accompanied by stress, chronic pelvic pain (CPP), anxiety, and depression, leading to a diminished quality of life. This review aims to discuss the relationship between systemic and local inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS), focusing on glial dysfunctions (astrocytes and microglia) as in critical brain regions involved in emotion, cognition, pain processing, anxiety, and depression. The review presents that EM is connected to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulation...

Ovarian cancer, which ranks eighth among global female cancers and fifth in fatality, poses a significant health challenge owing to its asymptomatic early stages. Understanding the pathogenesis requires extensive research. Recent studies have emphasized the role of the gut and cervicovaginal microbiota in ovarian cancer. This review explores the current understanding of the relationship between the microbiome and ovarian cancer, considering the potential of biomarkers in the serum and various tissues. Insights into the influence of the microbiome on treatments, including surgery and chemotherapy, open doors to innovative approaches, such as fecal microbiome transplantation...

Endometriosis is classically defined as a chronic inflammatory heterogeneous disorder occurring in any part of the body, characterized by estrogen-driven periodic bleeding, proliferation, and fibrosis of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus. Endometriosis can take overwhelmingly serious damage to the structure and function of multi-organ, even impair whole-body systems, resulting in severe dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, fatigue and depression in 5-10% women of reproductive age...

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and alterations in bowel habits, with global prevalence. The etiology of the disease is likely multifactorial; however, autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction and immune-mediated inflammation may contribute the most to the hallmark symptoms of abdominal pain and altered motility of the gut. Current pharmacological therapies operate to modulate intestinal transit, alter the composition of the gut flora and control pain...

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging pathogen, which has been linked to cervicitis, urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). With the advent of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panels for sexually transmitted infections, it is increasingly being identified in pregnant women. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to review international guidelines, which had explicit recommendations for treatment of M. genitalium infection in pregnancy and breastfeeding...

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis (EMT) a common gynecological condition in women, an inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue on organs and tissues in the pelvis, and is mainly associated with chronic pelvic pain and infertility. As the etiology has not been fully elucidated, current treatment is limited to surgery, hormones and painkillers, with more side effects and difficulty in achieving long-term relief. Oxidative stress manifests itself as an overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which has an integral impact in the pathology of female reproductive disorders...

INTRODUCTION: Upper urinary tract stones combined with parenchymal infiltrative renal pelvic cancer is challenging to detect on imaging, and to evaluate the differential diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: The symptoms and diagnoses in three cases of parenchymal infiltrative renal pelvic cancer and upper urinary tract stones that occurred between June 2019 and June 2022 were reviewed. Primary symptoms of lumbar discomfort and hemoturia were evident in all three patients...

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is the second most common cause of vaginal infection globally after bacterial vaginosis (BV) and associated with adverse reproductive and obstetric outcomes, including preterm delivery, sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease. Although effective control of VVC is achievable with the use of traditional treatment strategies (i.e., antifungals), the possibility of drug intolerance, treatment failure and recurrence, as well as the appearance of antifungal-resistant Candida species remain critical challenges...

Radiation enteropathy (RE) is common in patients treated with radiotherapy for pelvic-abdominal cancers. Accumulating data indicate that gut commensal bacteria determine intestinal radiosensitivity. Radiotherapy can result in gut bacterial dysbiosis. Gut bacterial dysbiosis contributes to the pathogenesis of RE. Mild to moderate depressive symptoms can be observed in patients with RE in clinical settings; however, the rate of these symptoms has not been reported. Studies have demonstrated that gut bacterial dysbiosis induces depression...

BACKGROUND: Radiographic imaging of abdomen and pelvis plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of ileal pouch disorders with modalities including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, contrasted pouchography, and defecography. OBJECTIVES: A systematic review of the literature was performed and applications of cross-sectional imaging, pouchography, defecography, and ultrasonography are described. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane database...

OBJECTIVE: To combine all literature describing cases of isolated fallopian tube torsion in adult non pregnant patients in a systematic manner, to optimize knowledge and practice both for diagnosis and management. STUDY DESIGN: EMBASE and PubMed databases were searched for the terms 'tubal' OR 'fallopian tube' AND 'isolated' AND 'torsion' from the inception of these databases to July 5, 2023. All case reports or case series of adult patients (18 years or older) with isolated fallopian tube torsion were included...

PURPOSE: This review presents an update of the non-contraceptive health benefits of the combined oral contraceptive pill. METHODS: We conducted a literature search for (review) articles that discussed the health benefits of combined oral contraceptives (COCs), in the period from 1980 to 2023. RESULTS: We identified 21 subjective and/or objective health benefits of COCs related to (i) the reproductive tract, (ii) non-gynaecological benign disorders and (iii) malignancies...

In recent years, the relationship between the microbiota and various aspects of health has become a focal point of scientific investigation. Although the most studied microbiota concern the gastrointestinal tract, recently, the interest has also been extended to other body districts. Female genital tract dysbiosis and its possible impact on pathologies such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and gynecological cancers have been unveiled. The incursion of pathogenic microbes alters the ecological equilibrium of the vagina, triggering inflammation and compromising immune defense, potentially fostering an environment conducive to cancer development...

Xanthogranulomatous (XG) inflammatory disease is a rare benign disease involving various organs, including the gallbladder, bile duct, pancreas, spleen, stomach, small bowel, colon, appendix, kidney, adrenal gland, urachus, urinary bladder, retroperitoneum, and female genital organs. The imaging features of XG inflammatory disease are nonspecific, usually presenting as a heterogeneous solid or cystic mass. The disease may also extend to adjacent structures. Due to its aggressive nature, it is occasionally misdiagnosed as a malignant neoplasm...

Ectopic pregnancy is a medical condition in which a fertilized egg takes an unexpected detour away from the uterine cavity and the fallopian tube becomes a popular host, with the ampulla being the prime location. However, it can occur in other areas such as cervix, ovaries, or abdomen. The most common risk factors are pelvic inflammatory disease, previous pelvic or abdominal surgery, abnormal anatomy of genital organs, endometriosis, previous ectopic pregnancies, assisted reproductive technologies, endocrine disorders, and even the subtle influence of low-dose progestins from contraceptives...

Endometriosis, a common chronic gynecological disease, refers to the presence and proliferation of endometrial tissue in locations other than the uterine cavity. Approximately 6 to 10% of the population of women of childbearing age are known to have endometriosis; the most common clinical signs are pelvic pain and infertility. Although endometriosis is a benign disease, it exhibits some typical features of malignant tumors, such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence. Endometriosis is considered a chronic, inflammatory, and estrogen-dependent disease, and multiple factors contribute to its occurrence and development...