thyroid pathology

CONTEXT: - The identification of precursor or dysplastic lesions in the thyroid is difficult. Pathology of the C cell has been extensively studied, and the preneoplastic nature of C-cell hyperplasia in the setting of familial medullary thyroid carcinomas is well established. However, the distinction between neoplastic and physiologic/reactive C-cell hyperplasia remains a challenge. Unlike C cells, the existence of a precursor lesion of follicular cell-derived tumors is less well established, and a dysplastic or preneoplastic follicular lesion has not been well defined...

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence points to the pathophysiological relevance between immune dysfunction and mood disorders. High rates of thyroid dysfunction have been found in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), compared to the general population. A systematic review of the relationship between BD and thyroid autoimmunity was performed. METHODS: Pubmed, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were searched up till January 28th, 2017. This review has been conducted according to the PRISMA statements...

OBJECTIVE: Cushing syndrome (CS) is a constellation of clinical signs and symptoms resulting from chronic exposure to excess cortisol, either exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous CS is most commonly caused by administration of glucocorticoids. Endogenous CS is subdivided into two types: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) dependent and ACTH independent. CONCLUSION: Cushing disease, which is caused by a pituitary adenoma, is the most common cause of ACTH-dependent CS for which pituitary MRI can be diagnostic, with bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling useful in equivocal cases...

Importance: Controversy exists around the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Because of the rarity of the disease and limited available data, the staging system for MTC has been largely extrapolated from staging for differentiated thyroid cancer. Objectives: To evaluate how well the current (seventh and eighth editions) AJCC TNM staging system correlates with survival for patients with MTC and to suggest a possible revision...

INTRODUCTION: Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a rare aggressive malignancy of thyroid follicular cells and has unique features in morphology and behavior. This study was aimed to describe the experience of a tertiary medical center with PDTC within a 10-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a descriptive retrospective study of eight cases of PDTC among 418 various thyroid carcinomas. All cases of PDTC were retrieved along with the clinicopathological information...

OBJECTIVES: Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) is routinely tested in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected lung cancers, is commonly expressed by lung adenocarcinomas, and may modulate lung cancer biology. We examined the role of TTF-1 as a predictive and prognostic marker in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed clinical, pathologic, and molecular features, treatments received, and overall survival obtained from the medical records of 479 consecutive patients at a single site with stage IV lung adenocarcinomas and evaluable TTF-1 expression...

The feasibility and effectiveness of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in children with tongue base masses (TBMs) were evaluated. Eight pediatric patients who were treated with TORS for TBMs between January 2010 and January 2016 at a tertiary hospital included in the study. All pathologies were congenital lesions: four were lingual thyroglossal ductus cysts (LTGDCs), one was a minor salivary gland tumor, one was a vallecular cyst, one was a bronchogenic cyst, and one was an ectopic thyroid tissue. TORS was performed successfully in all cases...

BACKGROUND: Differentiating parathyroid and thyroid lesions can be challenging because of considerable morphologic overlap and anatomic proximity. Therefore, the authors sought to identify characteristic morphologic patterns and useful adjunct tests to distinguish these 2 entities. METHODS: A search was conducted in the study institution database for clinically indeterminate thyroid nodules from 2000 through 2016 with an emphasis on confirmed parathyroid nodules...

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) are common diagnostic imaging methods for detecting and diagnosing papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). However, single-source dual-energy spectral computed tomography (spectral CT) reduces beam hardening artefacts and optimizes contrast, which may add value in detecting PTMC. OBJECTIVE: To investigate values of applying single-source dual-energy spectral CT for diagnosing PTMCs, in comparison with high frequency ultrasound and conventional polychromatic images...

PURPOSE: This article examines the outcome of radioactive iodine ablation therapy for thyroid cancer in high-risk patients and investigates background factors influencing ablation failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 91 patients in this retrospective analysis and evaluated the ablation success rate. Successful ablation was defined as the absence of visible iodine-131 (I-131) accumulation in the thyroid bed after whole-body scans and thyroglobulin levels <2 ng/ml in a TSH-stimulated state after ablation...

Lugol's solution is usually employed for a limited period for thyroidectomy preparation in patients with Graves' disease and for the control of severe thyrotoxicosis and thyroid storm. We describe a rare case of Lugol's solution-induced painless thyroiditis. In November 2014, a 59-year-old woman was prescribed Lugol's solution four drops per day for the alleviation of menopausal symptoms. She was referred to our clinic in June 2015 for fatigue, hair loss, and a 20-lb weight loss without thyroid pain or discomfort...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome after (131)I treatment in patients with multinodular (MNG) and nodular toxic goitre (NTG) according to the administered dose and other factors related to the patient, pathology, or previous treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 108 patients (67 MNG and 41 NTG) treated in our department, with a follow-up period of at least 2 years. Development of hypothyroidism and treatment failure were evaluated along with their relationship with the administered dose and other factors such as age, sex, grade of hyperthyroidism, type of goitre, presence of autoimmunity, or previous antithyroid medication...

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid core needle biopsy (CNB) is increasingly being used as a tool for evaluating thyroid nodules; thus, standardization of its diagnostic terminology is called for. We aimed to analyze the pathologic reporting system of thyroid CNB based on the recently proposed protocol by the Korean Endocrine Pathology Thyroid Core Needle Biopsy Study Group and evaluate its usefulness. DESIGN/METHODS: 1998 consecutive cases of thyroid CNBs were reviewed and divided into 6 categories according to the protocol...

Diagnostic whole-body scan is a standard procedure in patients with thyroid cancer prior to the application of a therapeutic dose of (131)I. Unfortunately, administration of the radioisotope in a diagnostic dose may decrease further radioiodine uptake-the phenomenon called "thyroid stunning". We estimated radiation absorbed dose-dependent changes in genetic material, in particular in the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene promoter, and the NIS protein level in a K1 cell line derived from the metastasis of a human papillary thyroid carcinoma exposed to (131)I in culture...

The frequency and pattern of lymph node metastasis and the extent of dissection for isthmic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remain unclear, and the aim of this present study was to evaluate these characteristics and to attempt to detect the best surgical protocol for isthmic PTCs. A total of 3185 consecutive patients with PTCs were reviewed. Of these patients, 47 with a single isthmic PTC were enrolled in our study, and matched 47 patients with a single PTC located in the unilateral lobe were randomly selected and added for comparison of their baseline tumor characteristics and lymph node metastasis characteristics...

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the frequency of carcinoma in cases with suspected parathyroid adenoma and test the value of Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc-MIBI) single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) parathyroid imaging and neck ultrasonography in detecting concomitant thyroid carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 741 patients with clinically suspected parathyroid adenoma who underwent Tc-MIBI planer scans and SPECT/CT of the skull base, neck, and thorax; patients also underwent ultrasonography within 1 month before SPECT/CT...

BACKGROUND: The size of thyroid nodules as measured by ultrasound (ultrasound size, USS) is routinely used in clinical decision-making. Reports of discrepancy between USS and pathological size (PS) evaluation have not analysed their systematic differences. The objective of this study was to uncover the lack of agreement (bias) between USS and PS measurements. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 121 patients who had a total or hemi-thyroidectomy for a solitary nodule...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Stratification of extranodal extension (ENE) extent has the potential to improve the accuracy of risk estimations in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This study examined the prognostic importance of nodal factors, including ENE, in PTC patients. METHODS: This study enrolled 2071 consecutive patients with treatment-naïve PTC who underwent thyroidectomy between 2006 and 2010. Microscopic/macroscopic ENE was determined by pathological and operative findings...

Chondrosarcoma (CS) of larynx is a rare laryngeal tumor accounting about 1% of laryngeal malignancies. When CS arises from thyroid cartilage, it may clinically present as a thyroid nodule. Here we report a rare case of CS of thyroid cartilage misinterpreted as medullary thyroid carcinoma. The main aim of this case report is to emphasize the important role of accurate clinical history, appropriate physical examination, and proper localization of the tumor and clear definitive imaging in conjunction with interpretation of cytologic smears...

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of intraoperative frozen section (IFS) in determining the course of surgery in thyroid nodules with a prior fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy diagnosis. In addition, reliability of FNA interpretation to guide surgical management without IFS was investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of all patients who had a FNA biopsy, IFS, and final pathology performed on a thyroid nodule over a 9 month period...