dexmedetomidine,fentanyl

Understanding the pharmacologic options for pediatric sedation outside the operating room will allow practitioners to formulate an ideal anesthetic plan, allaying anxiety and achieving optimal immobilization while ensuring rapid and efficient recovery. The authors identified relevant medical literature by searching PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for English language publications covering a period from 1984 to 2017. Search terms included pediatric anesthesia, pediatric sedation, non-operating room sedation, sedation safety, and pharmacology...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Transnasal transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumours is associated with blood loss and wide fluctuations in haemodynamic parameters. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate during the transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumours. METHODS: The study was a double-blind, randomised study and included 152 patients classified randomly into two groups: Group D: Dexmedetomidine was given as a loading dose 1 μg/kg over 10 min before induction followed by an infusion at 0...

INTRODUCTION: Dexmedetomidine, an α2 agonist, can be used as an adjuvant in general anaesthesia as it attenuates the stress response to various noxious stimuli and helps in maintaining the perioperative haemodynamic stability along with sedation and not causing any significant respiratory depression in the postoperative period. AIM: To study the difference in haemodynamic responses of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients were divided into two groups of 30 each randomly...

Administering medications through the nose as an alternative to intramuscular or intravenous injections is increasingly popular in emergency departments and out-of hospital settings because it is simple, fast, and can be used in situations where obtaining intravenous access is difficult or time intensive. This article examines the literature and indications for the out-of-hospital and emergency department administration of five commonly used intranasal medications: midazolam (used to sedate children and treat seizures), fentanyl (for pain relief), naloxone (for opioid overdoses), ketamine (to induce anesthesia) and dexmedetomidine (to sedate and relieve pain in children)...

BACKGROUND: Although routine administration of pharmacologic sedation or analgesia during mechanical ventilation in preterm neonates is not recommended, its use in clinical practice remains common. Alpha-2 agonists, mainly clonidine and dexmedetomidine, are used as adjunctive (or alternative) sedative agents alongside opioids and benzodiazepines. Clonidine has not been systematically assessed for use in neonatal sedation during ventilation. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether clonidine administered to term and preterm newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation reduces morbidity and mortality rates...

BACKGROUND: The management of pain, agitation, and delirium (PAD) in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is beneficial for patients and makes it widely applied in clinical practice. Previous studies showed that the clinical practice of PAD in ICU was improving; yet relatively little information is available in China. This study aimed to investigate the practice of PAD in ICUs in China. METHODS: A multicenter, nationwide survey was conducted using a clinician-directed questionnaire from September 19 to December 18, 2016...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare three analgesic protocols for feline castration. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized clinical study. ANIMALS: Forty-nine client-owned cats. METHODS: Cats were injected with intramuscular (IM) dexmedetomidine (15 μg kg(-1)) and alfaxalone (3 mg kg(-1)) and assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups. Group ITL (n = 15) were administered intratesticular 2% lidocaine (0...

BACKGROUND: Awake fiberoptic intubation (AFOI) is one of the principal techniques in the management of difficult airway in oral cancer surgery. We hypothesized that the addition of a small dose of fentanyl could improve the sedative criteria of dexmedetomidine during AFOI technique, without the need to increase the dose of dexmedetomidine which may be associated with airway compromise. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 and 2 patients planned for AFOI for oral cancer surgery patients were allocated into three groups (fifty patients each)...

Objective The ideal agents for conscious sedation during ambulatory inguinal hernia repair are still unclear. We aimed to compare the analgesic, sedative, haemodynamic, and side effects of dexmedetomidine with those of propofol in combination with fentanyl for conscious sedation in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Methods Eighty patients undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair were prospectively randomized to receive either dexmedetomidine (n = 40) or propofol (n = 40). Dexmedetomidine and propofol dosages were adjusted to maintain the targeted level of sedation...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Prolonged mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery is associated with serious complications that increase morbidity and mortality. The present study was designed to compare ketamine-propofol (KP) and ketamine-dexmedetomidine (KD) combinations for sedation and analgesia in patients after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery as regards hemodynamics, total fentanyl dose, time of weaning from mechanical ventilation, time of extubation, and any adverse outcome...

The selective α2-adrenoreceptor agonist dexmedetomidine has shown neuroprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and sympatholytic properties that may be beneficial in neonatal encephalopathy (NE). As therapeutic hypothermia is only partially effective, adjunct therapies are needed to optimize outcomes. The aim was to assess whether hypothermia + dexmedetomidine treatment augments neuroprotection compared to routine treatment (hypothermia + fentanyl sedation) in a piglet model of NE using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) biomarkers, which predict outcomes in babies with NE, and immunohistochemistry...

The intranasal route for medication administration is increasingly popular in the emergency department and out-of-hospital setting because such administration is simple and fast, and can be used for patients without intravenous access and in situations in which obtaining an intravenous line is difficult or time intensive (eg, for patients who are seizing or combative). Several small studies (mostly pediatric) have shown midazolam to be effective for procedural sedation, anxiolysis, and seizures. Intranasal fentanyl demonstrates both safety and efficacy for the management of acute pain...

OBJECTIVE: We studied the influence of Dexmedetomidine on cognitive function in children during the recovery period of general anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-three children who underwent general anesthesia were selected and randomly divided into (1) the control group, (2) the dexmedetomidine group, and (3) the dezocine group. Fentanyl, propofol, and rocuronium were used in all patients to induce anesthesia, while sevoflurane inhalation and propofol were used to maintain anesthesia...

We describe a 16-year-old, 65-kg male deployed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for refractory respiratory failure secondary to ingestion of multiple substances. During his ECMO course, standard sedative and analgesic strategies failed and alternative medications were used. The patient received various dosages of fentanyl, morphine, hydromorphone, clonidine patches, dexmedetomidine, lorazepam, methadone, pentobarbital, olanzapine, and propofol. Despite administration of multiple agents, on day 29 of ECMO the patient experienced elevated blood pressures due to agitation, and continuous infusion etomidate was started...

PURPOSE: Opioids are commonly used as an epidural adjuvant to local anesthetics, but are associated with potentially serious side effects, such as respiratory depression. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine with that of fentanyl as an adjuvant to epidural ropivacaine in pediatric orthopedic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study enrolled 60 children (3-12 years old) scheduled for orthopedic surgery of the lower extremities and lumbar epidural patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)...

Importance: Dexmedetomidine provides sedation for patients undergoing ventilation; however, its effects on mortality and ventilator-free days have not been well studied among patients with sepsis. Objectives: To examine whether a sedation strategy with dexmedetomidine can improve clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis undergoing ventilation. Design, Setting, and Participants: Open-label, multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted at 8 intensive care units in Japan from February 2013 until January 2016 among 201 consecutive adult patients with sepsis requiring mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours...

BACKGROUND: Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) is safe, technically simple, and cost-effective technique compared to general anesthesia with success rates of 94-98% for upper and lower limb surgeries. The main disadvantage of this procedure is its limited duration for surgery, lack of postoperative analgesia, and tourniquet pain. To overcome this disadvantage, various adjuvants to lignocaine have been studied from time to time. AIM: To compare the analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine and midazolam as adjuncts to lignocaine for IVRA for forearm and hand surgeries...

BACKGROUND: Intranasal (IN) medication delivery is a viable alternative to other routes of administration, including intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration. The IN route bypasses the risk of needle-stick injuries and alleviates the emotional trauma that may arise from the insertion of an IV catheter. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to evaluate published literature on medications administered via the IN route that are applicable to practice in emergency medicine...

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine can facilitate a smooth extubation process and reduce the requirement of sevoflurane and emergence agitation when administrated perioperatively. We aimed to observe the extubation process and the recovery characteristics in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy while anesthetized with either high-concentration sevoflurane alone or low-concentration sevoflurane combined with pre-medication of single dose of intravenous dexmedetomidine. METHODS: Seventy-five patients (ASA I or II, aged 3-7 years) undergoing tonsillectomy were randomized into three equal groups: to receive intravenous saline (Group D0), dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg (Group D1), or dexmedetomidine 2 μg/kg (Group D2) approximately 10 min before anesthesia...

Objective: To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine alone for postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Forty patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in First Hospital of Ninghai County, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) gradeⅠor Ⅱ, were randomly divided into dexmedetomidine group (Group D, n=20) and fentanyl group (Group F, n=20). The patient controlled analgesia (PCA) pumps were used after the operation. In the group D, the intravenous PCA protocol was dexmedetomidine 0...