Nox, lung disease

RATIONALE: It is unknown whether air pollution is associated with radiographic features of interstitial lung disease in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVES: To determine whether air pollution increases prevalence of interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) or percent high-attenuation area (HAA) on computed tomography (CT) in individuals with a heavy smoking history and COPD. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of SPIROMICS (Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study), focused on current or former smokers with COPD...

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for various pathologies, including pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancers. The toxic effects of cigarette smoke (CS) are mediated through multiple pathways and diverse mechanisms. A key pathogenic factor is oxidative stress, primarily induced by excessive formation of reactive oxygen species. However, it remains unclear whether smoking directly induces systemic oxidative stress or if such stress is a secondary consequence. This study aimed to determine whether short-term inhalation exposure to CS induces oxidative stress in extrapulmonary organs in addition to the lung in a murine model...

Phospholipases (PL) A2 catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids and mostly generates arachidonic acid (AA). The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) can metabolize AA to obtain inflammatory leukotrienes, whose biosynthesis highly depends on cPLA2 and 5-LOX activities. Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) belongs to a subfamily of class A GPCRs and is considered the most versatile FPRs isoform. Signaling triggered by FPR2 includes the activation of several downstream kinases and NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent ROS generation...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times...

Inhalation of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG) can cause pulmonary fibrosis. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Nox) are enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species, which may be involved in tissue damage in various lung diseases. To investigate whether the Nox2 isoform of Nox is involved in the progression of PHMG-induced lung damage, we studied the contribution of Nox2 in PHMG-induced lung injury in Nox2-deficient mice. We treated wild-type (WT) and Nox2 knockout mice with a single intratracheal instillation of 1...

Sepsis can trigger acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which can lead to a series of physiological changes, modifying the effectiveness of therapy and culminating in death. For all experiments, male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were split into the following groups: control and sepsis-induced by endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS); the control group received only intraperitoneal saline or saline + CEF while the treated groups received ceftriaxone (CEF) (100 mg/kg) IP; previously or not with sepsis induction by LPS (1 mg/kg) IP...

High-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH) is a severe and progressive disease that can lead to right heart failure. Intermittent short-duration reoxygenation at high altitude is effective in alleviating HAPH; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, a simulated 5,000-m hypoxia rat model and hypoxic cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were used to evaluate the effect and mechanisms of intermittent short-duration reoxygenation. The results showed that intermittent 3-h/per day reoxygenation (I3) effectively attenuated chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and reduced the content of H2O2 and the expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in lung tissues...

RATIONALE: Airway tree morphology varies in the general population and may modify the distribution and uptake of inhaled pollutants. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that smaller airway caliber would be associated with emphysema progression and would increase susceptibility to air pollutant-associated emphysema progression. METHODS: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a general population cohort of adults 45-84 years old from six U...

According to recent research, selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's disease (PD) results from several phenotypic traits, including calcium-dependent, feed-forward control of mitochondrial respiration leading to elevated reactive oxygen species and cytosolic calcium concentration, an extensive axonal arbor, and a reactive neurotransmitter. Therefore, antioxidant therapy is a promising direction in the treatment of PD. In vitro studies have indicated the survival-promoting activity of bacterial melanin (BM) on midbrain dopaminergic neuron cultures...

Acute lung injury (ALI) that develops as a result of AP can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Some hypotheses are proposed to explain the pathophysiology of AP and its related pulmonary hazards. This experiment aimed to evaluate the mitigating action of rivastigmine (Riva) in lung injury that occurs on the top of acute pancreatitis (AP) induced in rats. Thirty-two male Wister rats were randomized to one of four groups: control, Riva-treated, acute pancreatitis (AP), and acute pancreatitis treated by Riva...

BACKGROUND: Acanthamoeba spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause inflammation, mostly in the brain, lungs and cornea. Recent reports indicate kidney dysfunction in hosts with systemic acanthamoebiasis. The aim of the study was to analyze the gene expression and protein concentration of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 (NOX2 and NOX4, respectively) and nuclear erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in the kidneys of hosts with systemic acanthamoebiasis. We also aimed to determine the protein and gene expressions of Bcl2, Bax, caspases 3 and 9...

Objective: To investigate the intervention effect and its mechanism of apocynin, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) on silicosis induced by silica (SiO(2)) in rats. Methods: In October 2021, 24 SPF SD male rats were divided into control group, silicosis model group and apocynin intervention group according to random number table method, with 8 rats in each group. SiO(2) was exposed by one-time intratracheal instillation. The rats in the apocynin intervention group were intraperitoneally injected with apocynin 50 mg/kg, 3 times a week, on the second day after treatment...

BACKGROUND: Air pollution harms health across the life course. Children are at particular risk of adverse effects during development, which may impact on health in later life. Interventions that improve air quality are urgently needed both to improve public health now, and prevent longer-term increased vulnerability to chronic disease. Low Emission Zones are a public health policy intervention aimed at reducing traffic-derived contributions to urban air pollution, but evidence that they deliver health benefits is lacking...

Eliminating the NOx emission after coal combustion is a critical task for thermal power plants to reduce threats to the human body, such as respiratory diseases, heart disease, lung disease and even lung cancer. To this end, various treatments have been taken to optimize, monitor and control the combustion process. However, optimizing the coal composition prior to combustion can further reduce possible NOx emissions. This topic was rarely discussed in the past. To fill this gap, this study proposes a fuzzy big data analytics approach...

The mammalian pulmonary vasculature consists of functionally and morphologically heterogeneous compartments. When comparing sets of lungs, for example, in disease models or therapeutic interventions, local changes may be masked by the overall heterogeneity of the organ structure. Therefore, alterations taking place only in a sub-compartment may not be detectable by global analysis. In the monopodial lung, the characterization of distinct vessel groups is difficult, due to the asymmetrical branching pattern...

Exposure to cigarettes and other nicotine-based products results in persistent inflammation in the lung. In recent years, electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have become extremely popular among adults and youth alike. E-cigarette vapor-induced oxidative stress promotes protein breakdown, DNA damage and cell death, culminating in a variety of respiratory diseases. The proteasome, a multi-catalytic protease, superintends protein degradation within the cell. When cells are stimulated with inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, the constitutive catalytic proteasome subunits are replaced by the inducible subunits-low-molecular mass polypeptide (LMP)2 (β1i), multi-catalytic endopeptidase complex-like (MECL)1 (β2i), and LMP7 (β5i), which are required for the production of certain MHC class I-restricted T-cell epitopes...

This prospective, descriptive study focused on lung flukes (Haematoloechus sp., H) and their impact on systemic and individual capillary variables measured in pithed Rana pipiens, a long-standing model for studies of capillary physiology. Three groups were identified based on H attachment: no Haematoloechus (No H), Haematoloechus not attached (H Not Att), and Haematoloechus attached (H Att). Among 38 descriptive, cardiovascular, and immunological variables, 18 changed significantly with H. Symptoms of H included weight loss, elevated immune cells, heart rate variability, faster coagulation, lower hematocrit, and fluid accumulation...

Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by both motor and non-motor features. Numerous risk factors (oxidative stress, free radical formation, and several environmental toxins) have been associated with PD. The experimental studies were carried out under in vivo conditions. Biochemical data analysis indicated that compared with the parameters of control (C) rats, rotenone-induced PD rats showed a significant decrease in the specific content of the total fraction of isoforms of O2 - -producing, heat-stable, NADPH-containing associates (NLP-Nox) from membrane formations of tissues (brain, liver, lung, and small intestine)...

BACKGROUND: Ferroptosis is involved in developing inflammatory diseases; yet, its role in acute hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP) remains unclear. AIM: To explore whether ferroptosis is involved in the process of HTGP and elucidate its potential mechanisms. METHODS: An HTGP mouse model was induced using intraperitoneal injection of P-407 and caerulein (CAE). Then, pancreatic tissues from the model animals were subjected to proteome sequencing analysis...

INTRODUCTION: Air pollution has a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of various respiratory diseases. However, this has not been widely studied in diffuse interstitial lung diseases, specifically in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. OBJECTIVE: In this study we aimed to assess the relationship between four major air pollutants individually [carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), ozone (O3 ), and nitrogen oxides (NOx )] and the development of chronic respiratory failure, hospitalization due to respiratory causes and mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis...