Periacueductal gray

In humans, speech is a complex process that requires the coordinated involvement of various components of the phonatory system, which are monitored by the central nervous system. The larynx in particular plays a crucial role, as it enables the vocal folds to meet and converts the exhaled air from our lungs into audible sounds. Voice production requires precise and sustained exhalation, which generates an air pressure/flow that creates the pressure in the glottis required for voice production. Voluntary vocal production begins in the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), a structure found in all mammals, although the specific location in the cortex varies in humans...

The midbrain is a complex structure where different functions are located. This formation is mainly involved in the visual and auditory information process (tectum) and visual movements and motor coordination (tegmentum). Here we display a complete description of midbrain anatomy based on the prosomeric model and of the developmental events that take place to generate this structure. We also summarize the new data about the differentiation and specification of the basal populations of the midbrain. The neural tube suffers the influence of several secondary organizers...

Imipramine is an effective antidepressant agent that blocks the reuptake of monoamines. In order to understand some of its basic mechanisms of action, we investigated the effects of chronic imipramine administration (10 mg/kg, i.p.; 21 days) on the alpha-2 receptor population of several brain sites. Alpha-2 receptor density was estimated by in vitro autoradiography using [3H]Idazoxan. The densitometric analysis revealed a decreased receptor density in the A2 region of the tractus solitarius (20%) and locus coeruleus (16%)...