Gall Bladder anatomy

The hummingbird family (Trochilidae) includes the smallest and most metabolically active vertebrates. They have a high energy demand because of their extraordinarily high metabolic rates during hovering while looking for food. The morphology of the digestive apparatus is related to the feeding habits of the species. The anatomy and histology of the digestive apparatus in these birds have not been thoroughly described except for their tongue. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the gross anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal and adnexal glands in four species from the hummingbird family: Amazilia tzacatl (n = 2), Amazilia saucerottei (n = 1), Amazilia amabilis (n = 1) and Anthracothorax nigricollis (n = 1)...

INTRODUCTION: Stump cholecystitis is managed by performing a completion cholecystectomy, which can be done either laparoscopically or by an open method. The use of indocyanine green (ICG) is known to improve the identification of the biliary tree anatomy, facilitating Calot's triangle dissection and shortening surgery, thereby reducing the risk of bile duct injuries and making laparoscopic cholecystectomy safer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of prospectively collected data from 15 patients at our institution from March 2016 to March 2021...

UNLABELLED: Anatomical variations in the calots triangle encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy are not uncommon. Misidentification and misperception of these structures are the major cause of vasculobiliary injuries. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of anatomical variations of the cystic artery, cystic duct (CD), and gall bladder. This is the first study in India to access the rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications in anatomical variants compared to normal individuals...

Left-sided gall bladder (LGB) is a rare anomaly seldom encountered by surgeons in clinical practice. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is rare due to the atypical localisation of pain in the right hypochondrial quadrant and the rarity of occurrence. This feature poses intraoperative challenges that mandate quick improvisation. Hence, all surgeons should gain knowledge of left-sided gall bladders, which can be associated with the risk of biliovascular injuries compared to normally positioned gall bladders...

INTRODUCTION: The knowledge of the variations of the abnormal anatomy of pancreaticobiliary union is of great importance for understanding various pathologies of the biliary tract, gall bladder, and pancreas as well as to avoid surgical complications and morbidity which may arise from pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Moreover, it helps in the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of pancreaticobiliary disease. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of abnormal anatomic variations of the pancreaticobiliary union in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography examinations...

The purpose of this prospective and anatomic study was to describe the ultrasonographic anatomy of the kidneys, urinary bladder, adrenal glands, spleen, liver, gall bladder, and gastrointestinal tract in healthy juvenile eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). As ultrasonographic descriptions are lacking in marsupial species, it was also conducted to develop a systematic approach for abdominal ultrasonographic evaluation in the kangaroo and to provide preliminary quantitative and qualitative references...

Portal vein (PV) is a large vein that collects blood from the abdominal part of gall bladder, pancreas, alimentary tract, and spleen and transports to the liver. One of the parts of the extraembryonic venous system, the vitelline veins, is where PV starts. In about five weeks of gestation, a venous plexus is formed, and variations in this plexus lead to portal variance. The junction of superior mesenteric and splenic veins is typically where the vein begins to network. There are five types of branching patterns of the right PV: conventional branching, trifurcation branching, early branching, separate segment 7 branching, and separate segment 6 branching...

The duplication of the gall bladder (GB) is unusual biliary anatomy that can be encountered during cholecystectomy and can create intraoperative confusion if missed on pre-operative imaging. Here, we describe a case of duplication of GB in a young female, which was detected during laparoscopic cholecystectomy as an operative surprise. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done successfully with the removal of both the GBs. She was discharged uneventfully and remained symptom-free at a 6-month follow-up.

Deviation from the normal development of the biliary tree and gall bladder gives rise to numerous different types of anomalies. One of the anomalies is the Phrygian cap. The Phrygian cap is an even rarer condition. We report a case that was asymptomatic. In a rare case, the Phrygian cap anomaly may cause symptoms that are mainly due to superadded cholelithiasis. A detailed pre-operative history and thorough physical examination should be done. Many of the cases may be missed during the routine examination. The diagnosis, with the help of radiological investigations, will be helpful to keep the location and anatomy of the anomalous gall bladder in mind during the intra-operative period...

Duplication of the gall bladder is a rare anatomic variation. The incidence is approximately 1 in 4000 in literature. Preoperative identification of such anomaly and its various types is very important since it can avoid damage to possible vascular and biliary aberrant anatomy during surgery. My case is a 29-year-old male patient with a complaint of epigastric pain which was on and off type. An abdominal ultrasonogram showed multiple calculi in the gallbladder lumen with normal wall thickness and no evidence of intra or extra-hepatic biliary tree dilatation...

The common guitarfish (Rhinobatos rhinobatos) is an endangered species and included in the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature as "critically endangered, cr." Although guitarfish are displayed and protected in public aquaria, only limited information is available on the external and internal anatomy of this species and dissection methods applicable to it. In this study, common guitarfish kept in a public aquarium were dissected with an appropriate method and the internal and external organs of the fish were identified...

INTRO: Three-dimensional (3D) models have recently been used in pre-operative planning in rare, complex surgeries in many disciplines. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of using 3D models in common procedures that involve increased risk of injury to hepatic arteries in the biliary region. This would allow surgeons to plan around individual variation and prevent intra-operative complications in these regions. This study focuses on the feasibility of converting computed tomography (CT) scans into 3D models to identify anatomical variation and compares the results to the published rates of anatomical variation for the structures considered...

BACKGROUND: Fluorescent cholangiography using intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) is a noninvasive technique that enables real-time intraoperative imaging of biliary anatomy. The objective of this study was to visualise the biliary anatomy in routine and complicated cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of patients undergoing LC for various indications. After obtaining consent, 5 mg/1 ml of ICG dye was administered intravenously in each patient, 2 h before the incision time...

PURPOSE: Liver is divided into four anatomical lobes presenting minor fissures and invisible major fissures. The prevalence of Accessory Fissures in liver ranges widely from 6 to 94%. The morphometric analysis of individual lobes is also scarce in literature. There have been instances where the surgeon has experienced some of these variations as a surprise during surgery as the existing data on the surface variations of liver is still contradictory. A sound knowledge of these variations would aid the surgeons and radiologists to circumvent the misdiagnosis and complications during surgeries...

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S): Daily variations in abdominal anatomy introduce significant uncertainty in estimating the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). We investigated the gastroduodenal toxicity using stereotactic MR-guided online adaptive radiotherapy (SMART) to precisely control the dose to a novel swine model that closely matches human physiology and can be maintained at 80 kg. We hypothesized for a cumulative SMART course of 50 Gy in 5 fractions to the pancreas, the duodenum MTD is significantly > 37 Gy to 0...

Metazoans with worm-like morphologies across diverse and disparate groups typically demonstrate motility generated by hydrostatic skeletons involving tissue layers (muscles and epithelia). Here we present representative morphological, behavioural and molecular data for parasitic cnidarians (myxozoans) that demonstrate unprecedented variation in form and function, developing as cellular hydrostats. Motile elongate plasmodia characterise a remarkable radiation of species in the genus Ceratomyxa. The vermiform plasmodia inhabit gall bladders of a range of South American freshwater fish and exhibit undulatory motility reminiscent of nematodes but achieved at the cellular level...

Introduction: Situs ambiguous known as heterotaxy syndrome or isomerism can be classified into situs ambiguous with polysplenia or asplenia. Situs ambiguous with asplenia is a second subcategory of situs ambiguous that is generally characterized by an abnormal arrangement of the abdominal organs and absence of the spleen. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in patient with this disorder is challenging. Methods: A 19-year-old female patient was a situs ambiguous with asplenia patient with transverse liver with gallbladder, left-side stomach, congenital heart disease, and right isomerism...

Gall bladder is known for many congenital anomalies such as duplication, intrahepatic position, floating position etc. Most of its anomalies can be detected in ultrasound examination and radiography. We report an extremely rare congenital anomaly of gall bladder as observed in a male cadaver during dissection classes. The gall bladder was totally enclosed in the right free margin of the lesser omentum, in front of the usual contents of the right free margin of lesser omentum. The size, shape and blood supply of the gall bladder were normal...

BACKGROUND: Anomalies of the biliary system are frequently encountered. Agenesis of the gall bladder is a rare. The exact incidence is not known as most cases are asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during surgeries for unrelated conditions or at autopsy. This anomaly may occur alone or in association with other anomalies such as other biliary anomalies, portal vein anomalies and other vascular anomalies, or in some cases hepatic, gastrointestinal or anomalies in other body systems...

As ovarian cancer commonly involves the visceral organs without boundary, more aggressive procedures are adopted during cytoreductive surgery. One of the most difficult aspect of the operation involves the procedure for the gall bladder, porta hepatis, and omental bursa. As the upper abdominal surgical field is not familiar to the gynecologic surgeon, and the vital organs or vessels are densely positioned, these procedures can be challenging for achieving the optimal cytoreductive surgery. The surgical approaches for advanced ovarian cancer that are required in the upper abdomen have evolved with the progress in surgical techniques...