Parallel processing

Visual information is processed in hierarchically organized parallel streams in the primate brain. In the present study, information segregation in parallel streams was examined by constructing a convolutional neural network with parallel architecture in all of the convolutional layers. Although filter weights for convolution were initially set to random values, color information was segregated from shape information in most model instances after training. Deletion of the color-related stream decreased recognition accuracy of animate images, whereas deletion of the shape-related stream decreased recognition accuracy of both animate and inanimate images...

This study aimed to examine joint trajectories of loneliness, social isolation and sarcopenia and their associations with adverse outcomes. A total of 4701 participants aged ≥60 years who had a baseline and at least one follow-up assessment of loneliness, social isolation and sarcopenia across 2011, 2013 and 2015 waves in China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Adverse outcomes were obtained in 2018 wave. Joint trajectories were fit using the parallel process latent class growth analysis, and their associations with adverse outcomes were evaluated using modified Poisson regression...

In recent years, there has been a significant advancement in memristor-based neural networks, positioning them as a pivotal processing-in-memory deployment architecture for a wide array of deep learning applications. Within this realm of progress, the emerging parallel analog memristive platforms are prominent for their ability to generate multiple feature maps in a single processing cycle. However, a notable limitation is that they are specifically tailored for neural networks with fixed structures. As an orthogonal direction, recent research reveals that neural architecture should be specialized for tasks and deployment platforms...

When performing movements in rapid succession, the brain needs to coordinate ongoing execution with the preparation of an upcoming action. Here we identify the processes and brain areas involved in this ability of online preparation. Human participants (both male and female) performed pairs of single-finger presses or three-finger chords in rapid succession while 7T fMRI was recorded. In the overlap condition, they could prepare the second movement during the first response, in the non-overlap condition only after the first response was completed...

This section aims to provide a concise and contemporary technical perspective and reference resource covering dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. While DPI products are currently the leading inhaled products in terms of sales value, a number of confounding perspectives are presented to illustrate why they are considered surprisingly, and often frustratingly, poorly understood on a fundamental scientific level, and most challenging to design from first principles. At the core of this issue is the immense complexity of fine cohesive powder systems...

Meloidogyne naasi Franklin, 1965, the barley root-knot nematode, was originally found in field crops such as cereals, grasses, and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in England and Wales, (Franklin,1965). This nematode is one of the most significant root-knot nematodes impacting grains in European countries (Santos et al. 2020). Among root-knot nematode species, M. naasi, exhibits a distinct preference for grasses, with documented impacts on turfgrasses leading to reduced growth and vigor (Skantar et al., 2023; Cook and Yeates, 1993)...

This study was to determine the hydrogeological and geoelectrical parameters affecting the productivity of water boreholes in the Daloa commune. Using the Schlumberger configuration, we carried out 15 parallel and perpendicular electrical profiling and 40 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES). We also performed Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) with a pole-dipole configuration at one site. The data processing allowed the identification of the different layers of the subsurface and their geoelectric properties that influence the productivity of the boreholes in the study area...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To investigate the biological effects and putative biological mechanism of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) on HepG2 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell proliferation, cycle, and apoptosis were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry (FCM) in HepG2 cells infected with either the GRK4-overexpressing lentivirus vector (OE) or the negative control lentivirus vector (NC). The protein profiles and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of the OE and NC cells were analyzed and compared using the quantitative proteomics technique, and their function, expression, and probable mechanism were investigated using bioinformatic assays and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM)...

The integration of Augmented Reality (AR) into daily surgical practice is withheld by the correct registration of pre-operative data. This includes intelligent 3D model superposition whilst simultaneously handling real and virtual occlusions caused by the AR overlay. Occlusions can negatively impact surgical safety and as such deteriorate rather than improve surgical care. Robotic surgery is particularly suited to tackle these integration challenges in a stepwise approach as the robotic console allows for different inputs to be displayed in parallel to the surgeon...

SIGNIFICANCE: Three-dimensional quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has rapidly emerged as a complementary tool to fluorescence imaging, as it provides an objective measure of cell morphology and dynamics, free of variability due to contrast agents. It has opened up new directions of investigation by providing systematic and correlative analysis of various cellular parameters without limitations of photobleaching and phototoxicity. While current QPI systems allow the rapid acquisition of tomographic images, the pipeline to analyze these raw three-dimensional (3D) tomograms is not well-developed...

OBJECTIVE: Patient and public involvement (PPI) in health research is now well-established, whilst science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) research has shifted from a focus on science communication alone to public engagement (PE) within its research processes. Despite frequently drawing on similar theoretical influences, and practical motivations, there is often a lack of dialogue between such settings meaning shared learning, practice and evidence from these two sectors are rarely pooled...

BACKGROUND: Diabetes during pregnancy has negative effects on both mothers and their fetuses. To improve perinatal outcomes and women's experience of care, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests implementing health system interventions to enhance the use and quality of antenatal care. The main goal of this study is to implement and evaluate the outcomes of the Centering Pregnancy group care model for pregnant women with diabetes. METHODS/DESIGN: The study will consist of three phases: a quantitative phase, a qualitative phase, and a mixed phase...

Foodborne pathogens, particularly antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, remain a significant threat to global health. Given the limitations of conventional culture-based approaches, which are limited in scope and time-consuming, metagenomic sequencing of food products emerges as a promising solution. This method provides a fast and comprehensive way to detect the presence of pathogenic microbes and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Notably, nanopore long-read sequencing provides more accurate bacterial taxonomic classification in comparison to short-read sequencing...

Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of transcription factor 4 (TCF4). In this work, we focused on the cerebral cortex and investigated in detail the progenitor cell dynamics and the outcome of neurogenesis in a PTHS mouse model. Labeling and quantification of progenitors and newly generated neurons at various time points during embryonic development revealed alterations affecting the dynamic of cortical progenitors since the earliest stages of cortex formation in PTHS mice...

The diversity of chemical environments present on unique crystallographic facets can drive dramatic differences in catalytic activity and the reaction mechanism. By coupling experimental investigations of five different IrO2 facets and theory, we characterize the detailed elemental steps of the surface redox processes and the rate-limiting processes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The predicted complex evolution of surface adsorbates and the associated charge transfer as a function of applied potential matches well with the distinct redox features observed experimentally for the five facets...

According to the parallel architecture, syntactic and semantic information processing are two separate streams that interact selectively during language comprehension. While considerable effort is put into psycho- and neurolinguistics to understand the interchange of processing mechanisms in human comprehension, the nature of this interaction in recent neural Large Language Models remains elusive. In this article, we revisit influential linguistic and behavioral experiments and evaluate the ability of a large language model, GPT-3, to perform these tasks...

High-temperature-resistant and self-lubricating polymer composites with long life and high reliability are increasingly indispensable in the aerospace field. Herein, ZIF-67 grown on the MXene lamella was successfully prepared, and ZIF-67@MXene/PI composites with a regular layered structure were obtained by a hot-pressing three-dimensional network aerogel. It was revealed that incorporating ZIF-67@MXene into PI dramatically reduced the friction and abrasion with elevated temperatures. Largely, aerogel walls always paralleled the sliding direction by compressing, providing a significant antifriction effect...

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research often relies on animal models to study the etiology, pathophysiology, and management of IBD. Among these models, rats and mice are frequently employed due to their practicality and genetic manipulability. However, for studies aiming to closely mimic human pathology, non-human primates such as monkeys and dogs offer valuable physiological parallels. Guinea pigs, while less commonly used, present unique advantages for investigating the intricate interplay between neurological and immunological factors in IBD...

The intricate parallels in structure and function between the human retina and the central nervous system designate the retina as a prospective avenue for understanding brain-related processes. This review extensively explores the shared physiopathological mechanisms connecting age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and proteinopathies, with a specific focus on tauopathies. The pivotal involvement of oxidative stress and cellular senescence emerges as key drivers of pathogenesis in both conditions. Uncovering these shared elements not only has the potential to enhance our understanding of intricate neurodegenerative diseases but also sets the stage for pioneering therapeutic approaches in AMD...

Evaluating persistent trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) and transformation products (TPs) in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) is essential, given that MBRs are now widely implemented for wastewater treatment and water reuse. This research applied comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOF-MS)-based nontargeted analysis to compare the effectiveness of parallel aerobic and anaerobic MBRs (AeMBRs and AnMBRs, respectively), treating the same municipal wastewater...