Non Th2

BACKGROUND: Immune cells and cytokines have been linked to viremia dynamic and immune status during HIV infection. They may serve as useful biomarkers in the monitoring of people living with HIV-1 (PLHIV-1). The present work was aimed to assess whether cytokines and immune cell profiles may help in the therapeutic follow-up of PLHIV-1. METHODS: Forty PLHIV-1 in treatment success (PLHIV-1s) and fifty PLHIV-1 in treatment failure (PLHIV-1f) followed at the University Hospital of Abomey-Calavi/Sô-Ava in Benin were enrolled...

As the number of vaccinated individuals has increased, there have been increasing reports of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. The main COVID-19 vaccines administered include messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines, non-replicating viral vector vaccines, inactivated whole-virus vaccines, and protein-based vaccines. These vaccines contain active components such as polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, aluminum, tromethamine, and disodium edetate dihydrate. Recent advances in understanding the coordination of inflammatory responses by specific subsets of lymphocytes have led to a new classification based on immune response patterns...

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).It results in progressive intestinal epithelium structural and functional damage that necessitates lifetime medication.Thereis imbalance in the production of T helper 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 cytokines. This plays a crucial role in the chronic inflammatory process and the defective immune response to pathogenic agents; thus promoting the recurrence of the disease...

In non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) responders benefit from strong Th1-type inflammatory and T cell responses mediating tumor rejection. However, the corresponding lack of anti-inflammatory Th2-type immunity impairs tissue repair in the bladder wall and facilitates the development of cystitis, causing urinary pain, urgency, incontinence, and frequency. Mechanistically, the leakage of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer enables an influx of potassium ions, bacteria, and urine solutes towards the underlying bladder tissue, promoting chronic inflammation...

BACKGROUND: The house dust mite (HDM) is widely recognized as the most prevalent allergen in allergic diseases. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) has been successfully implemented in clinical treatment for HDM. Hypoallergenic B-cell epitope-based vaccine designed by artificial intelligence (AI) represents a significant progression of recombinant hypoallergenic allergen derivatives. METHOD: The three-dimensional protein structure of Der f 36 was constructed using Alphafold2...

Fish have common neurotransmitter pathways with humans, exhibiting a significant degree of conservation and homology. Thus, exposure to fluoxetine makes fish potentially susceptible to biochemical and physiological changes, similarly to what is observed in humans. Over the years, several studies demonstrated the potential effects of fluoxetine on different fish species and at different levels of biological organization. However, the effects of parental exposure to unexposed offspring remain largely unknown...

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder (EGID) is an umbrella term encompassing a group of chronic, immune-mediated disorders characterized by eosinophil-rich inflammation affecting one or more segments of the gastrointestinal tract. A recent consensus in nomenclature and emerging data made possible through multi-center consortia are beginning to unravel the molecular and cellular underpinnings of EGIDs below the esophagus. These emerging findings are revealing both overarching commonalities related to a food allergen-driven, chronic, Th2-mediated immune response as well as location-specific nuances in the pathophysiology of the collective EGIDs...

INTRODUCTION: To control the spread of severe disease caused by mutant strains of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is necessary to determine whether continued vaccination enhances humoral and cellular immunity. AIM: In this study, we examined the changes in humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after administration of the third vaccination in Japanese adults who had received the second dose of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-1273 vaccine and the third vaccination (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273)...

BACKGROUND: Tralokinumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically neutralizes interleukin (IL)-13, a key driver of skin inflammation and barrier abnormalities in atopic dermatitis (AD). This study evaluated early and 2-year impacts of IL-13 neutralization on skin and serum biomarkers following tralokinumab treatment in adults with moderate-to-severe AD. METHODS: Skin biopsies and blood samples were evaluated from a subset of patients enrolled in the Phase 3 ECZTRA 1 (NCT03131648) and the long-term extension ECZTEND (NCT03587805) trials...

More than half of the world's population is infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which may lead to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. LeoA, a conserved antigen of H. pylori, aids in preventing this infection by triggering specific CD3+ T-cell responses. In this study, recombinant plasmids containing the LeoA gene of H. pylori are created and conjugated with chitosan nanoparticle (CSNP) to immunize BALB/c mice against the H. pylori infection. We used the online Vaxign tool to analyze the genomes of five distinct strains of H...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate immunological variations between a group that received the hepatitis B vaccine and a non-vaccine group. We focused on a cohort that achieved HBsAg seroclearance after Peg-IFNα treatment of CHB. METHODS: We enrolled twenty-eight individuals who achieved HBsAg seroclearance after Peg-IFNα treatment. They were divided into two groups: a vaccine group (n = 14) and a non-vaccine group (n = 14)...

Tea grey blight disease is one of the most destructive diseases that infects tea and is caused by the pathogen Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert. L-theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid of the tea plant. Different concentrations of L-theanine exhibit significant inhibitory effects on the growth and sporulation ability of the pathogen causing tea grey blight disease. To understand the effect mechanism of L-theanine on P. theae , transcriptome profiling was performed on the pathogenic mycelium treated with three different concentrations of L-theanine: no L-theanine treatment (TH0), 20 mg/mL theanine treatment (TH2), and 40 mg/mL theanine treatment (TH4)...

This is a multicentric investigation involving two Italian centers that examined the clinical course of COVID-19 in patients receiving biological therapy targeting type 2 inflammation and those not receiving biologicals. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the management of respiratory and allergic disorders and the potential impact of biological therapy in the most severe forms has been a point of uncertainty. Our multicentric investigation aimed to compare the clinical course of COVID-19 and the impact of vaccination in an Italian cohort of patients with atopic disorders caused by a type 2 inflammation, such as eosinophilic asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), atopic dermatitis (AD), and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU)...

Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) improves outcomes in melanoma patients, but associated T-cell activation frequently leads to immune-related cutaneous adverse events (cutAEs). To dynamically identify T-cell subtypes and immune signatures associated with cutAEs, a pilot study was performed in stage III-IV melanoma patients using blood samples for flow cytometry and cytokine analysis. Blood samples were taken from patients before initiation of ICI (naive), at the onset of a cutAE, and after 6 months of ICI treatment...

Inflammatory skin diseases include a series of disorders characterized by a strong activation of the innate and adaptive immune system in which proinflammatory cytokines play a fundamental role in supporting inflammation. Skin inflammation is a complex process influenced by various factors, including genetic and environmental factors, characterized by the dysfunction of both immune and non-immune cells. Psoriasis (PS) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are the most common chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin whose pathogeneses are very complex and multifactorial...

BACKGROUND: With the increasing popularity of plant protein-based diets, soy proteins are favored as the most important source of plant protein worldwide. However, potential food allergy risks limit their use in the food industry. This work aims to reveal the mechanism of β-conglycinin-induced food allergy, and to explore the regulatory mechanism of heat treatment and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment in a BALB/c mouse model. RESULTS: Our results showed that oral administration of β-conglycinin induced severe allergic symptoms in BALB/c mice, but these symptoms were effectively alleviated through heat treatment and HHP treatment...

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) can modulate the intestinal barrier and regulate immune cells to favor the maturation of the infant intestinal tract and immune system, but the precise functions of individual HMOs are unclear. To determine the structure-dependent effects of individual HMOs (representing different structural classes) on the intestinal epithelium as well as innate and adaptive immune cells, we assessed fucosylated (2'FL and 3FL), sialylated (3'SL and 6'SL) and neutral non-fucosylated (LNT and LNT2) HMOs for their ability to support intestinal barrier integrity, to stimulate the secretion of chemokines from intestinal epithelial cells, and to modulate cytokine release from LPS-activated dendritic cells (DCs), M1 macrophages (MØs), and co-cultures with naïve CD4+ T cells...

The innate and adaptive immune systems are the two key branches that determine host protection at all mucosal surfaces in human body, including the female reproductive tract. The pattern recognition receptors within the host that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns are expressed on the cells of the innate immune system. Rapidly reactive, theinnate immune system, responds immediately to the presence of infectious or other non-self agents, thereby launching an inflammatory response to protect the host until the activation of slower adaptive immune system...

BACKGROUND: The primary barrier to curing HIV infection is the pool of intact HIV proviruses integrated into host cell DNA throughout the bodies of people living with HIV (PLHIV), called the HIV reservoir. Reservoir size is impacted by the duration of HIV infection, delay in starting antiretroviral therapy (ART), and breakthrough viremia during ART. The leading infectious cause of death worldwide for PLHIV is TB, but we don't know how TB impacts the HIV reservoir. METHODS: We designed a case-control study to compare HIV provirus-containing CD4 in PLHIV with vs...

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by lymphocyte infiltration into the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, leading to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells and uncontrolled hyperglycemia. In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) murine model of T1D, onset of this infiltration starts several weeks before glucose dysregulation and overt diabetes. Recruitment of immune cells to the islets is mediated by several chemotactic cytokines, including CXCL10, while other cytokines, including SDF-1α, can confer protective effects...