retinacula cutis

Mammary glands define mammals as a group, yet a comprehensive anatomical description of the mammary gland does not exist for almost any mammalian species. In humans, the anatomical and surgical literature provide conflicting and incomplete descriptions of the gross anatomy of the breast. We dissected 9 male and 15 female human body donors to clarify this gross anatomy. We found that, like other epidermally derived glands of the body, the mammary glandular tissue is constrained to a membrane-bound, central structure referred to as the corpus mammae in the surgical literature, and not dispersed throughout the breast as typically described in the anatomical literature...

Background: Adipose tissue engineering may provide 3D models for the understanding of diseases such as obesity and type II diabetes. Recently, distinct adipose stem/stromal cell (ASC) subpopulations were identified from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT): superficial (sSAT), deep (dSAT), and the superficial retinacula cutis (sRC). This study aimed to test these subpopulations ASCs in 3D spheroid culture induced for adipogenesis under a pro-inflammatory stimulus with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: The samples of abdominal human subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained during plastic aesthetic surgery (Protocol 145/09)...

BACKGROUND: The soft tissue glideplanes of the face are functionally important and have a role in facial rejuvenation surgery. The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of soft tissue mobility of the face and its impact on the redraping of tissues involved in facelifting. The consequences of "no-release" and "extensive-release" lifting were analyzed to explain the difference in efficacy and potential longevity between these two contrasting philosophies. MATERIALS METHODS: Preliminary dissections and macro sectioning were followed by a definitive series of standardized layered dissections on fifty cadaver heads, along with histology, sheet plastination, and mechanical testing...

BACKGROUND: Cellulite is an aesthetic condition affecting the appearance of skin in specific body regions. When reviewing past literature, a 2-D image of a subdermal septum was created most likely due to the applied cross-sectional investigative methodology. Despite practitioners being aware of the 3-D nature of the subdermal architecture, this is not reflected in the present scientific literature. The aim of this anatomic review is to summarize the past literature and to provide an update on the 3-dimensionality of a subdermal septum with a specific focus on the pathophysiology of cellulite...

BACKGROUND: In human subcutaneous adipose tissue, the superficial fascia distinguishes superficial and deep microenvironments showing extensions called retinacula cutis. The superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue has been described as hyperplastic and the deep subcutaneous adipose tissue as inflammatory. However, few studies have described stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) content and adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) behavior derived from superficial and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue...

Fascia in the veterinary sciences is drawing attention, such that physiotherapists and animal practitioners are now applying techniques based on the concept of fascia studies in humans. A comprehensive study of fascia is therefore needed in animals to understand the arrangement of the fascial layers in an unguligrade horse and a digitigrade dog. This study has examined the difference between the horse and the dog fascia at specific regions, in terms of histology, and has compared it with the human model. Histological examinations show that in general the fascia tissue of the horse exhibits a tight and dense composition, while in the dog it is looser and has non-dense structure...

OBJECTIVE: There has been a significant shift in the understanding of facial anatomy during the last decade. Newer minimally invasive therapeutic options for facial rejuvenation procedures are increasing the need for a better knowledge of anatomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The current literature is summarized, analyzed and presented along with the experience of the author for this narrative review, which summarizes the current understanding of the superficial and deep facial fat compartments and their relevance for minimally invasive facial procedures...

BACKGROUND: Sagging skin is one of the most concerning esthetic issues for elderly individuals. Although reduced skin elasticity has been reported as the cause of sagging skin, a loss of skin elasticity alone is insufficient to explain sagging facial skin. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying sagging skin, with a focus on the subcutaneous network of collagenous fibers known as the retinacula cutis (RC). METHODS: To evaluate the structure of the RC noninvasively, tomographic images of the face were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)...

The exact knowledge of the anatomy of the fibrous skeleton of the hand is an absolute prerequisite for any treatment of Dupuytren's disease. The fibrous skeleton does not only include the palmar aponeurosis, but also numerous retinacula cutis, which are not found in current anatomy books. Here, eponyms facilitate the otherwise difficult and over-pronounced names of the fiber systems. Skoog, Legueu and Juvara, Gosset, Grapow, Grayson, Cleland, Thomine, and Barton are the most important. This systematic review of the fibers and strands is designed to help reduce iatrogenic complications...

BACKGROUND: Understanding the biomechanics of spinal manipulative therapy requires knowing how loads are transmitted to deeper structures. This investigation monitored displacement at sequential depths in thoracic paraspinal tissues parallel with surface load directions. METHODS: Participants were prone and a typical preload maneuver was applied to thoracic tissues. Ultrasound speckle tracking synchronously monitored displacement and shear deformation of tissue layers in a region of interest adjacent to load application to a depth of 4 cm...

The mechanism of formation of facial wrinkles has not been fully clarified due to the existence of many distinct influential factors. To clarify the relationship between facial wrinkles and structures in the skin, especially sebaceous glands, image analysis was performed on the forehead and lateral canthus regions of cadaveric skin specimens; 58 male and female donated cadavers (age range at death 20s - 90 s) were included in the study. Specimens were obtained from forehead and lateral canthus region after measuring wrinkle depth...

PURPOSE: With a view to developing a tool for predicting the behavior of soft tissues during plastic surgery procedures, we looked for the existence of homologies in the overall pattern of organization of the skin/subcutaneous tissue complex between various body parts, using high-resolution in vivo imaging methods and data available in the literature. METHODS: 3T MRI scanning sequences were performed using appropriate radiofrequency coils on the face, thorax, breast, abdomen and lower extremity of six healthy volunteers...

OBJECTIVE: To identify whether there is a relationship between the depth of facial wrinkles and the density of the retinacula cutis in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin. DESIGN: Wrinkle depth was assessed with image analysis on the forehead and the lateral canthus of human cadavers. The density of the retinacula cutis was measured in Azan-Mallory-stained skin sections obtained around the wrinkles. SETTING: Gross Anatomy Section, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences...

BACKGROUND: Understanding the anatomy of the lower eyelid, including the effect of aging, assists in blepharoplasty. METHODS: After celloidin was embedded, 30-mum-thick serial sagittal sections from the medial to the lateral canthus were prepared from two Japanese left lower eyelid specimens obtained from a young cadaver and an old cadaver. A comparative study was then performed. RESULTS: The orbicularis oculi muscle was divided into three portions...

Skin ligaments (SL) (L. retinacula cutis) are present extensively in the face, hands, feet, and in breast tissue, but have seldom been reported elsewhere in the body. The traditional histological view of the subcutaneous region is that it comprises a matrix of loose connective tissue devoid of fibrous specializations. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and distribution of skin ligaments. Eight embalmed cadavers (3 males, 5 females, 69-90 years of age) were used in this study. Tissue was prepared using the E12 plastination technique...

We studied facial frown lines on cadaver skin. These wrinkles persisting after death were kept unmodified during the collecting procedure; some included the underlying bone. Their microanatomical basis lies in the hypodermis where trabeculae of the retinacula cutis are broader and much shorter underneath the wrinkle than in the surrounding skin. These trabeculae contain striated muscle cells. The hypertrophy of the extracellular matrix of the hypodermal septae is probably related to repetitive mechanical stimuli generated by the muscle cells...

On the basis of its internal structure, the ball of the foot can be divided into three transverse areas, each with a different mechanical function: (1) an area proximal to the heads of the metatarsals in which the retinacula cutis are developed into a series of transverse bands, and in which the deep fibres of the plantar aponeurosis form ten sagittal septa connected to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament and through this the proximal phalanges of the toes, (2) an area below the heads of the metatarsals in which vertical fibres from the joint capsules and the sides of the fibrous flexor sheaths form a cushion below each metatarsal head, and in which fat bodies cover the digital nerves and vessels in their passage between the cushions, and (3) a distal area which comprises the interdigital web...