Retinoscopy

PURPOSE: We previously reported differential gene expression of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 ( Bmp2 ) in guinea pig retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after 1 day of hyperopic defocus, imposed with a negative contact lens (CLs). The study reported here sought to obtain insights into the temporal profiles of gene expression changes in Bmp2, as well as those of two closely related genes, the inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (Id3) and Noggin (Nog), both during myopia induction and when the CL treatment was terminated to allow recovery from induced myopia...

This study investigated the accuracy and stability of accommodative and vergence functions in children with and without hyperopia while engaged in two sustained near tasks. The sustained accommodative and vergence characteristics of participants without refractive correction (n = 92, aged 5-10 years) with and without hyperopia (defined as cycloplegic retinoscopy ≥  + 1.00D and less than + 5.00D) were measured using eccentric infrared photorefraction (PowerRef 3; PlusOptix, Germany)...

A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted from September 2013 through July 2014 to determine the prevalence of refractive errors among students attending public primary schools in Mexico. Among 3,861,156 students at 14,566 public primary schools in all 32 states of Mexico, teachers identified reduced visual acuity in 1,253,589 (32.5%) using visual acuity measurement. Optometrists confirmed 391,498 [31.2%, mean (SD) age: 8.8 (1.9) years; 204,110 girls (52.9%)] had refractive errors using visual acuity measurement and noncycloplegic static retinoscopy...

PURPOSE: To report a pediatric patient with bilateral temporal keratoconus. OBSERVATIONS: A 14-year-old male presented with a two-year history of progressively worsening visual acuity in both eyes and suspicion for undiagnosed amblyopia in the right eye. Retinoscopy revealed a scissoring reflex in both eyes and corneal topography demonstrated high keratometry values (Kmax 57.9 D and 46.1 D in the right and left eyes, respectively), with relative temporal steepening approximately coinciding with the thinnest pachymetry in both eyes...

PURPOSE: Assess the refractive states of donkeys and goats. METHODS: Forty-two donkeys and 28 goats were enrolled. The mean ± SD ages were 7.68 ± 7.33 years for donkeys and 4.26 ± 2.33 years for goats. Seven donkeys and one goat were <6 months old. Retinoscopy was performed in alert animals, following cycloplegia in goats but not in donkeys. Normality was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test...

COVID-19 infection has been linked to various ocular complications and complaints, but not to refractive errors. In this case report, we present ethnically diverse patients who reported asthenopic symptoms shortly after recovering from COVID-19 infection. The hyperopic shift in the refractive error, post-COVID could indicate the ciliary body muscle's inability to sustain accommodation, resulting in asthenopia. Hence, refractive errors should also be considered as a post-COVID complication, even if the magnitude is small, especially when patients have a headache and other asthenopic symptoms...

To compare EEG-patterns after instillation of cyclopentolate versus placebo eye drops. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, and observational pilot study is presented. Ophthalmology outpatient clinic Dutch metropolitan hospital. Healthy 6- to 15-year-old volunteers with normal or low BMI requiring a cycloplegic refraction/retinoscopy. Randomized; 1 visit 2 drops cyclopentolate-1% and 1 visit 2 drops placebo (saline-0.9%). Single-blind: conducting researcher. Double blind: subjects, parents, clinical-neurophysiology staff, neurologist, and statistician...

PURPOSE: To identify the expression of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 in the retina of guinea pigs with form deprivation myopia (FDM) and to investigate mechanisms by which Piezo1 channels might regulate myopia. METHOD: Sixty 3-week-old guinea pigs were divided into four groups randomly: normal control, FDM, FDM + vehicle control (DMSO), and FDM + Piezo1 inhibitor (GsMTx4). Measurements of spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL) of the guinea pig were taken using retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasound examination, respectively...

OBJECTIVE: To explore the underlying mechanism of inhibition by Jinkui Shenqi Pills (JKSQP) on glucocorticoid-enhanced axial length elongation in experimental lens-induced myopia (LIM) guinea pigs. METHODS: Sixty 2-week old male guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups with 15 guinea pigs in each group, according to the random numbers generated by SPSS software: control, LIM, saline and JKSQP groups. The control group includes animals with no treatment, while the guinea pigs in the other 3 groups received lens-induced myopization on the right eyes throughout the experiment (for 8 weeks)...

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of keratoconus in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Employees and the related risk factors including oxidative stress biomarkers. METHODS: 2546 subjects' mean age ± SD, 40.35 ± 6.70 (46% male) were recruited. All participants underwent objective refraction using auto-refractometer and retinoscopy, followed by subjective refraction, and bio-microscopy. Pentacam imaging was performed for the detected keratoconus patients...

AIMS: To introduce a case report and review the literature on trauma-related acute macular neuroretinopathy as an unusual etiology of acute macular neuroretinopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 24-year-old man presented with unilateral paracentral scotoma following non-ocular trauma in a car accident. The relative afferent pupillary defect was negative and the best corrected visual acuities of both eyes were 10/10 (by the Snellen chart scale). RESULTS: Retinoscopy revealed a reduced foveal reflex, along with a small pre-retinal hemorrhage over the mid-pathway of the supranasal arteriole...

INTRODUCTION: Spasm of the near reflex usually includes accommodative spasm, esophoria/tropia, and different degrees of miosis. Patients usually refer to distance blurred and fluctuating vision, ocular discomfort, and headaches. The diagnosis is established with refraction with and without cycloplegia; most of the cases have a functional etiology. However, some cases require neurological conditions to be ruled out; cycloplegics have an important diagnostic and therapeutic role. PURPOSE: To describe a case of bilateral severe accommodative spasm in a healthy 14-year-old teenager...

The year 2020 has been greatly anticipated by the entire ophthalmic community. This year's Scobee lecture will be a photographic look at our past with the orthoptists and pediatric ophthalmologists we have learned from, taught, and worked with. A sobering snapshot of our present will reveal a world with extreme medical access inequality. This creates a need for an inexpensive screening device for amblyogenic anisometropia. A technique for such a fast and inexpensive screening device will be shown using first retinoscopy; and then compare the effectiveness of the direct Heine streak ophthalmoscope, a common ophthalmic instrument, will be shown to be effective in screening for ≥1 diopter of spherical anisometropia...

BACKGROUND: Accommodative functions are known to differ between myopes and emmetropes. It is not known whether accommodative facility differs at near between younger adolescent and older adolescent myopes and emmetropes. AIM: To examine whether accommodative facility differs at near between younger and older adolescent myopes and emmetropes. METHODS: 119 participants aged between 11-21 years were recruited. Refractive error was measured using cycloplegic retinoscopy...

SIGNIFICANCE: Highly hyperopic children are at greater risk for developing conditions such as strabismus, amblyopia, and early literacy and reading problems. High hyperopia is a common finding in infants in a pediatric medical practice, and early detection can be done effectively in that setting with tropicamide autorefraction. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a pilot screening program to detect high hyperopia in 2-month-old infants in a pediatric medical practice in Columbus, Ohio...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the corneal topographical changes in vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) subjects using OCULUS Pentacam. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: VKC patients and normal subjects who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited by convenience sampling into the study. Subjects underwent a best-corrected visual acuity measurement with a Snellen chart, retinoscopy, and corneal topography (OCULUS Pentacam®), followed by anterior segment and fundus examination and intraocular pressure measurement...

INTRODUCTION: Accommodation anomalies are frequently caused or exacerbated by psychological problems such as anxiety. Patients share many features with those with other anxiety based somatic symptoms such as stomach-ache, palpitations and headaches. They can be difficult to treat, and the ophthalmic literature rarely goes beyond diagnosis and ocular treatment. This study reports characteristics and outcomes of a short case series of patients with accommodation spasms and weaknesses assessed objectively, and outlines a psychological approach to treatment...

BACKGROUND: To explore current eye care practice in keratoconus diagnosis and management in Kenya. METHODS: An online questionnaire was distributed to ophthalmic clinical officers (OCO) and optometrists. RESULTS: A total of 203 responses were received from 52 OCOs and 151 optometrists with a response rate of 24.4% and 53.5% respectively. The majority reported having access to retinoscopes (88.5%; p = 0.48) and slit lamps (76...

SIGNIFICANCE: The ratios of diopters of change in refractive error produced per millimeter of eye elongation (D/mm) are rarely those predicted from geometric optics because of changes in other ocular components. Quantifying this optical compensation in millimeters instead of ratios reveals some important principles about eye growth and refractive error. PURPOSE: The study purpose was to sort total vitreous chamber elongation into millimeters that either contributed (uncompensated) or did not contribute to change in refractive error (compensated)...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the normal refractive state in horses in NCSU and ECMR and determine the prevalence of naturally occurring refractive errors and their association with breed, age, coat color, iris color, sex, and geographic location. METHODS: Horses from NCSU (January 2009-November 2012) and ECMR (January 2013-September 2016) underwent ophthalmic examination and streak retinoscopy. Location, color, breed, sex, and iris color were recorded. Gross and net refractive values for each meridian (horizontal and vertical), spherical refraction, astigmatism for both eyes, and anisometry were recorded, and statistical analyses were performed...