Cardiac hypertrophy

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The development of cardiac hypertrophy is a complicated process, which undergoes a transition from compensatory hypertrophy to heart failure, and the identification of new biomarkers and targets for this disease is greatly needed. Here we investigated the development of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in an in vitro experimental model. After the induction of hypertrophy with ISO treatment in H9c2 cells, cell surface area, cell viability, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) levels were tested...

Diabetic rats are more susceptible to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury than control rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of gallic acid (GA) on isolated rat hearts with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups: control, untreated diabetic and diabetic animals treated with (GA, 25mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by 120mg/kg alloxan injection. Eight weeks after GA administration, the hearts were isolated and exposed to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes. Heavy aortic calcification exacerbates arterial stiffness, which consequently heightens left ventricular (LV) afterload. We assessed the usefulness of aortic calcification for predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes and to determine whether the relationship, if any, differed as a function of LVH. METHODS: The analytic sample was comprised of a total of 487 individuals 65 years of age or older...

Background -Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of heart failure and death worldwide. Preservation of contractile function and protection against adverse changes in ventricular architecture (cardiac remodeling) are key factors to limiting progression of this condition to heart failure. Consequently, new therapeutic targets are urgently required to achieve this aim. Expression of the Runx1 transcription factor is increased in adult cardiomyocytes following MI; however, the functional role of Runx1 in the heart is unknown...

Recent studies have implicated a relationship between RhoA/ROCK activity and defective Ca(2+) homeostasis in hypertrophic hearts. This study investigated molecular mechanism underlying ROCK inhibition-mediated cardioprotection against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, with a focus on Ca(2+) homeostasis. Cardiac hypertrophy model was established by performing transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in 8-week-old male rats. Groups were assigned as SHAM, TAC and TAC+Fas (rats undergoing TAC and treated with fasudil)...

Aortic valve stenosis is the most common cardiac valve disease, and with current trends in the population demographics, its prevalence is likely to rise, thus posing a major health and economic burden facing the worldwide societies. Over the past decade, it has become more than clear that our traditional genetic views do not sufficiently explain the well-known link between AS, proatherogenic risk factors, flow-induced mechanical forces, and disease-prone environmental influences. Recent breakthroughs in the field of epigenetics offer us a new perspective on gene regulation, which has broadened our perspective on etiology of aortic stenosis and other aortic valve diseases...

Amphetamine congeners can be prescribed as anorexiant drugs, despite their potential side effects, including cardiac toxicity. However, the morphologic features of cardiac damage related to protracted use of these compounds are unknown. We provide a detailed description of cardiac autopsy findings in three cases of sudden death associated with protracted use of high-doses of phendimetrazine and/or phenylpropanolamine or bupropion prescribed as anorexiants, in association with other compounds. The main cardiac findings were similar in all three cases: i) mild-moderate hypertrophy of the left ventricle and/or the septum; ii) myocardial non-ischemic scarring (mid-mural and/or sub-epicardial) appearing as discrete foci or with a band/like morphology; iii) mild-moderate intramural small vessel disease, in absence of significant epicardial coronary artery stenosis; iv) acute/recent inflammatory lesions consistent with toxic myocarditis...

Numerous scientific findings have concluded that individuals who are active tend to develop less cardiovascular disease than those who enjoy more sedentary lifestyles. Animal models have further demonstrated that the beneficial effects of training on the heart effects of training are related to the signaling pathways of myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. As such, fibroblasts represent a very important population of cells within the myocardium as they play a crucial role in both cardiac development and response to injury...

Cardiomyopathy is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and occurs independently of coronary artery disease or hypertension. It manifests as systolic/diastolic dysfunction and hypertrophy of the left ventricle and can lead to heart failure. Hyperglycemia can trigger a series of maladaptive stimuli and result in cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and reduced performance and contractility. The pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy is a multifactorial process that includes metabolic derangements such as increased oxidative stress, and altered non-oxidative glucose pathways and lipid metabolism...

The non-cardiomyocyte cellular microenvironment of the heart includes diverse types of cells of mesenchymal origin. During development, the majority of these cells derive from the epicardium, while a subset derives from the endothelium/endocardium and neural crest derived mesenchyme. This subset includes cardiac fibroblasts and telocytes, the latter of which are a controversial type of "connecting cell" that support resident cardiac progenitors in the postnatal heart. Smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and endothelial cells are also present, in addition to adipocytes, which accumulate as epicardial adipose connective tissue...

Heart failure often presents with prognosis-relevant impaired renal function. To investigate whether the chronic activation of guanylate cyclase-A (GC-A) protects both heart and kidney, we examined the effects of TDT, a neprilysin (NEP)-resistant natriuretic peptide (NP) derivative, on cardiac and renal dysfunction in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (DS rats). Pretreatment with NEP or NEP inhibitor did not influence GC-A activation by TDT both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in a long-acting profile of TDT compared to native human atrial NP (hANP)...

Aim: The aim is to assess the effects of CDCs on heart structure, function, gene expression, and systemic parameters in aged rats. Diastolic dysfunction is characteristic of aged hearts. Cardiosphere-derived cell (CDC) therapy has exhibited several favourable effects on heart structure and function in humans and in preclinical models; however, the effects of CDCs on aging have not been evaluated. Methods and Results: We compared intra-cardiac injections of neonatal rat CDCs to vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline, PBS) in 21...

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system (CNS) complications are increasingly noted in liver transplanted (LTx) hereditary transthyretin amyloid (ATTRm) amyloidosis patients; this suggests that the increased survival allows for intracranial ATTRm formation from brain synthesised mutant TTR. However, atrial fibrillation (AF), a recognised risk factor for ischemic CNS complications, is also observed after LTx. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of CNS complications and AF in LTx ATTRm amyloidosis patients...

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to examine the hypothesis that users of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) would have cardiac autonomic disorders and that there is a correlation between sympathetic modulation, high blood pressure (BP) and alterations to cardiac dimensions. METHODS: Forty-five male subjects were enrolled in the study. They were categorized into three groups comprising bodybuilders actively using AAS (AAS users; n = 15), bodybuilders who had never used AAS (nonusers; n = 15) and age-paired healthy sedentary controls (n = 15)...

BACKGROUND: Aberrant Ca(2+) handling is a prominent feature of heart failure. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for aberrant Ca(2+) handling is essential for the development of strategies to blunt pathological changes in calcium dynamics. The peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase peptidyl-prolyl isomerase 1 (Pin1) is a critical mediator of myocardial hypertrophy development and cardiac progenitor cell cycle. However, the influence of Pin1 on calcium cycling regulation has not been explored...

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common type of cardiomyopathy, but many patients lack sarcomeric/myofilament mutations. We studied whether cardio-specific α-galactosidase A gene variants are misinterpreted as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy because of the lack of extracardiac organ involvement. METHODS AND RESULTS: All subjects who tested positive for the N215S genotype (n=26, 13 females, mean age 49±17 [range, 14-74] years) were characterized in this prospective monocentric longitudinal cohort study to determine genotype-specific clinical characteristics of the N215S (c...

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to discern whether the cardiac alterations caused by retinoic acid (RA) in normal adult rats are physiologic or pathologic. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: control animals (C, n = 20) received a standard rat chow; animals fed a diet supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg/day all-trans-RA (AR1, n = 20); animals fed a diet supplemented with 5 mg/kg/day all-trans-RA (AR2, n = 20); and animals fed a diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg/day all-trans-RA (AR3, n = 20)...

Calcium and integrin-binding protein 1 (CIB1) is an EF-hand calcium binding protein, which is involved in many cellular processes, including calcium signaling, cell survival and proliferation, cell migration, cell adhesion and apoptosis. A number of studies have found that CIB1 is ubiquitously expressed and is related to various human diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease (AD), cardiac hypertrophy and male infertility. The mechanism of CIB1 in human diseases is still not clear, although multiple functions of CIB1 are modulated by interacting with numerous interacting partners...

BACKGROUND: The remarkable success of clinical trials in mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inhibition in heart failure has driven research on the physiological and pathological role(s) of nonepithelial MR expression. MR is widely expressed in the cardiovascular system and is a major determinant of endothelial function, smooth muscle tone, vascular remodeling, fibrosis, and blood pressure. An important new dimension is the appreciation of the role MR plays in immune cells and target organ damage in the heart, kidney and vasculature, and in the development of insulin resistance...