anatomy anatomic variations histology embryology

In this investigation the morphological and morphometrical features of the optic tectum in post-hatch broiler chicken were studied macroscopically and microscopically. The present study was conducted on 70 day old broiler chicks which were reared up to 42 days. The whole experimental period of study was divided into seven groups (from group I to VII) at weekly interval (days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42). The optic lobes were paired and spherical to oval eminences located on the ventro-lateral part of the midbrain in broiler chicken...

The hummingbird family (Trochilidae) includes the smallest and most metabolically active vertebrates. They have a high energy demand because of their extraordinarily high metabolic rates during hovering while looking for food. The morphology of the digestive apparatus is related to the feeding habits of the species. The anatomy and histology of the digestive apparatus in these birds have not been thoroughly described except for their tongue. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the gross anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal and adnexal glands in four species from the hummingbird family: Amazilia tzacatl (n = 2), Amazilia saucerottei (n = 1), Amazilia amabilis (n = 1) and Anthracothorax nigricollis (n = 1)...

The gerbil, Gerbillus gerbillus, a nocturnal desert rodent of northern Africa, exhibits a seasonal reproductive cycle with marked anatomical and behavioural shifts between breeding season and resting season. The aim of this study is to investigate key elements involved in these seasonal changes, specifically in males: the histology of the testis as well as the expression of the G-protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) in the testis. During the breeding season, the seminiferous tubules were full of spermatozoa, and their epithelium contained germinal cells embedded in Sertoli cells...

Although in counterpart, the sphenopalatine artery (SPA), has been well described in the medical literature, the sphenopalatine vein (SPV) has received scant attention. Therefore, the present anatomical study was performed. Additionally, we discuss the variations, embryology, and clinical significance of the SPV. Adult cadaveric specimens underwent dissection of the SPV. In addition, some specimens were submitted for histological analysis of this structure. The SPV was found to drain from the sphenoidal sinus and nasal septum...

Studies on the anatomical and pathological characteristics of ribs in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) are warranted due to their possible association with red and melanized focal changes (RFC and MFC) in the fillet, a major quality and animal welfare concern. In this work, we provide an anatomical description of ribs based on radiographical and histological analyses. We also address various pathological rib changes and their association to RFC and MFC. In total, 129 fish were investigated; captured wild (n = 10) and hatchery reared (n = 119) Atlantic salmon (3...

This systematic review highlights the similarities and variations in Ossa cordis prevalence, histology and anatomical location between differing veterinary species and in humans. In addition, it also identifies associated factors such as aging and cardiovascular disease for each species in relation to functional roles and developmental mechanisms that these bone structures may play. The potential functions of Ossa cordis are presented, ranging from aiding cardiac contraction and conduction, providing cardiac structure, and protecting components of the heart, through to counteracting high mechanical stress...

The oesophagus is a muscular tube comprised of cervical and thoracic regions. Several studies have clarified the histological structure of the oesophagus. However, its histoarchitecture in relation to variable dietary habits of each species is still unclear. In the current study, 21 pigeons, cattle egrets and ducks, n = 7, each was used. Macroscopically, the oesophagus of cattle egrets either the cervical or thoracic parts was the longest among the pigeons and ducks. Histologically, the oesophagus comprised of four distinct tunicae: mucosa, propria submucosa, musculosa and adventitia or serosa...

The morphology of tongue in straw-coloured fruit bat from tropical forests was evaluated in relation to frugivorous diets and in comparison with other species that consumes other food types. Gross, stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscope and histological methods were used. The tongue was relatively long with round tip, which closely fitted into oral cavity. Five types of mechanical papillae included crown-like and trifid filiform papillae. Also bulky, cone-shaped papillae and long conical papillae were identified...

The study investigated seasonal changes in the morphology of the seminal vesicles of Eidolon helvum in a typical African tropical environment. Seminal vesicles of forty-eight bats were examined during the early rainy, late rainy and peak dry seasons, using gross anatomical, histological and ultrastructural techniques. The interlobular connective tissue septa from the external capsule demarcated the glandular parenchyma into numerous lobules of tubulo-alveolar glands. A simple cuboidal epithelium of mono- or bi-nucleated cuboidal cells lined the glandular mucosa during the rainy season...

INTRODUCTION: Duplicate gallbladder is a congenital anomaly with various anatomical presentations that can pose difficult diagnostic dilemmas. This case presents the consequence of recurrent cholecystitis after prior cholecystectomy due to delay in diagnosis of a duplicate gallbladder and insufficient treatment at first presentation. It also provides the opportunity to discuss the anatomical variations of duplicate gallbladders and their clinical implications. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report on a 46-year-old woman who presented with symptoms of cholecystitis despite a history of cholecystectomy...

Human anatomy knowledge is a core requirement for all health care clinicians. There is a paucity of information relating to anatomy content and delivery in Australian chiropractic programs. The aim of this study was to describe anatomy teaching in Australian chiropractic programs, utilizing a survey which was distributed to all four programs, requesting information on: anatomy program structure, delivery methods, assessment, teaching resources, and academic staff profile at their institution. The survey was undertaken in 2016 and documented practices in that academic year...

PURPOSE: The extensor indicis proprius (EIP) is a muscle of the forearm that originates from the posterior surface of the ulna and the adjacent interosseous membrane and attaches to the index finger. Many anatomical variations of this muscle have been reported in the literature. The extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM) is a variant muscle found on the back of the wrist and hand. These muscle variants should be considered in the context of clinical syndromes and reconstructive hand surgery...

PURPOSE: Nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (NSRP) is based on anatomical considerations that are still controversial. The aim of this study is to define and describe the anatomy of the fascias surrounding the prostate in a histoembryologic model and during open and laparoscopic approaches to assess their importance in surgical practice. METHODS: An anatomical dissection of three fresh cadavers was conducted to reproduce an open approach. Complementary data under laparoscopic conditions were obtained from images captured from the video feed during a laparoscopic NSRP performed via a transperitoneal approach...

PURPOSE: The pulmonary venoatrial junction (PVAJ) has recently received attention due to the widespread use of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. However, the literature lacks a consensus in the definition of the PVAJ. We aim to review the inconsistent definitions for the PVAJ and related implications in imaging and catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: The PVAJ as described by embryology, gross anatomy, histology and imaging is ambiguous, leading to disparities in its definition...

OBJECTIVES: To review current theories about etiology of varicocele and pathogenic mechanisms leading to a progressive disorder of spermatogenesis in relation to the subfertility or infertility these patients may present with. To evaluate its current anatomical knowledge of the normal venous drain of the testicle and its variations that may condition relapse or failure of the treatment of varicocele. To systematically review pathologic testicular lesions in patients with varicocele. To establish factors that may have prognostic significance on post-treatment fertility...

AIM: To review the impact of Tomorrow's Doctors on anatomical teaching in the UK and Ireland. To establish in particular whether a consensus has emerged on: (a) the duration and format of teaching, and (b) the impact on staffing and on the four main anatomical disciplines of gross anatomy, histology, embryology and neuroanatomy. METHOD AND RESULTS: A postal survey of 28 anatomy departments was carried out. This yielded a response rate of 75%. Twelve departments used systems-based curricula, five used problem-based curricula, and four used a traditional regional format...