patophysiology pain

Urolithiasis, a condition in which calculi are found in the urinary tract, has been known for centuries. Although the disease was considered casuistic in the pediatric population, its prevalence is rising among both children and infants. The occurrence of the disease is greater in developed countries, therefore urolithiasis should be considered a lifestyle disease. Its etiopathogenesis has not yet been well understood. Kidney stone formation is influenced by factors such as climate, eating habits, profession, fluid intake, genetic predisposition, urinary tract infections and malformations of the urinary tract...

Urolithiasis, a condition in which calculi are found in the urinary tract, has been known for centuries. Although the disease was considered casuistic in the pediatric population, its prevalence is rising among both children and infants. The occurrence of the disease is greater in developed countries, therefore urolithiasis should be considered a lifestyle disease. Its etiopathogenesis has not yet been well understood. Kidney stone formation is influenced by factors such as climate, eating habits, profession, fluid intake, genetic predisposition, urinary tract infections and malformations of the urinary tract...

Takotsubo cardiomiopathy (TTC) (known also as "ampulla cardiomyopathy," "apical ballooning" or "broken heart syndrome") is connected with a temporary systolic left ventricular dysfunction without the culprit coronary lesion. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was first described in 1990 in Japan after octopus trapping pot with a round bottom and narrow neck similar in shape to left ventriculogram in TTC patients. The occurrence of TTC is usually precipitated by a stressful event with a clinical presentation mimicking myocardial infarction: chest pain, ST-T segment elevation or T-wave inversion, a rise in cardiac troponin, and contractility abnormalities in echocardiography...

In this article authors outline new techniques and prospects in invasive treatment in vertebrology with emphasis on interventional and semi invasive procedures and minimally invasive surgery for lumbar disc herniation. They describe new approaches in neuroablative procedures for back pain treatment, in spinal fixation and in surgical treatment of scoliosis. Authors also report methods of great expectations which are not yet in use in our clinical practice but are promising like reconstruction of nucleus pulposus by autologous chondrocytes transplantation...

The phenomenon of pain in the course of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 is interesting, because its mechanism of its development and maintaining has not been definitively explain. The objective of this article was to review of contemporary knowledge in this issue. The following hypotheses were mentioned: 1) sensitization of dorsal root neurons on afferent barrage form site of injury, of which each, also non-nociceptive, can induce an activation of the nociceptive pathway; 2) interactions between the nervous and immune systems, when pain stimulation as a result of injury or inflammation activate microglia cells in central nerve system, what probably is responsible for development of spontaneous pain; 3) the role of of glutamatergic N-metyl-D-asparagin receptor (NMDA), which increased activity reduces pain experience due to changes of conductance and number of AMPA receptors, that mediate fast pain transmission; 4) the phenomenon of allodynia, when a touch stimuli, temperature or limb position change is experienced as a pain...

Pain is the most common symptom of pathological process in childhood, presenting with different clinical symptoms. Pain can produce physical and psychical distress in the child, and its management is rarely practiced in pediatric population. The aim of this review is to present patophysiological mechanism of acute and chronic pain in childhood, its clinical signs, the causes of pain, and also differential diagnosis regarding organ systems: headache, chest pain, abdominal pain, and neck pain.

Cold sensitivity is defined as a complex of symptoms occurring after injuries, which patophysiology remains obscure, but is probably of multifactorial nature, and which may be a cause of severe complaints and disability of the hand when exposed to the cold. The symptoms include numbness and stiffness of fingers, pain, discolouration (paleness, cyanosis), swelling and reduction of grip strength. This disorder affects more frequently upper than lower extremity, may develop after variety of injuries and elective operations, but the most commonly occurs in patients with replanted fingers or hands...

Osteoarthritis (OA) is slowly evolving disease of articular cartilage degneration characterized by the gradual development of joint pain, stiffness and limitation of motion. Musculoskeletal diseases are growing medical, social and economic problem. OA among them takes leading position with incidence, morbidity and poor quality of life. In the last few decades there is increasing interest for better knowledge of all aspects of the disease, especially with regard to its pathophysiology. This paper focuses the recent aspects of patophysiology of OA, because knowledge of patophysiology means the challenge for the clinician to find a way to best prevent articular cartilage degradation, preserve joint function, treat joint pain and treat concurrent inflammation...

We report a case of nasal septal abscess and palatine process of the maxilla abscess secondary to acute rhinosinusitis in an 12-year-old boy. Rare complication of acute sinusitis is the nasal septum abscess; even rarer is the abscess of the palatine process of the maxilla, which our patient presented. Nasal septum abscess is an reservoir of suppurative secretion between cartilage or bone of the septum and their periostium or perichondrium. Nasal septum abscess is most often bilateral, causing nasal cavities obstruction...

Among many viral hemorrhagic fevers, only hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) occurs in Croatia. HFRS is a natural focus zoonosis with sudden onset, characterized by high fever and other clinical symptoms, renal insufficiency and hemorrhages. In Croatia, HFRS is caused by two types of hantaviruses--Puumala (PUU) and Dobrava (DOB). The basic pathologic and patophysiologic disorder in HFRS is capillary damage (vasculitis). Incubation of HFRS has not been precisely determined, it is most frequently around two weeks...

Twelve controlled epidemiological studies describing the relationship between epicondylitis and work were found. The studies showed evidence for an association between forceful work and a combination of repetition and forceful work and development of elbow pain, epicondylitis. No controlled studies showing an association between work with visual display units or use of computer mouse and epicondylitis were found. No relationship was found between unaccustomed work and development of epicondylitis. Age and time spent in the employment seem to be disposing factors...