pharmacology Microbiology antibiotic

Tuberculosis (TB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains the leading cause of death from a bacterium in the world. The global prevalence of clinically relevant infections with opportunistically pathogenic non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have also been on the rise. Pharmacological treatment of both TB and NTM infections usually requires prolonged regimens of drug combinations, and is often challenging because of developed or inherent resistance to common antibiotic drugs. Medicinal chemistry efforts are thus needed to improve treatment options and therapeutic outcomes...

Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of Methanolic extracts isolated from Black pepper seeds (Piper nigrum L.) against two infection causing pathogens, Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Between July 2022 and June 2023, this experimental study was conducted at the Mymensingh Medical College's Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in conjunction with the Department of Microbiology. Using the disc diffusion and broth dilution methods, the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of black pepper seeds (MBPE) was evaluated at various doses...

Long-acting lipoglycopeptides (LGPs), such as dalbavancin and oritavancin, are semisynthetic antibiotics known for their strong effectiveness against a wide array of Gram-positive bacteria. This includes Staphylococcus aureus , both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains, coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS), streptococci, and vancomycin-sensitive Enterococcus faecalis . A literature search was conducted on PubMed and on ClinicalTrials.gov to identify articles published until July 2023 investigating the use of oritavancin and dalbavancin in clinical practice...

As lead molecules, cyclic lipopeptides with antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties have garnered a lot of attention in recent years. Because of their potential, cyclic lipopeptides have earned recognition as a significant class of antimicrobial compounds with applications in pharmacology and biotechnology. These lipopeptides, often with biosurfactant properties, are amphiphilic, consisting of a hydrophilic moiety, like a carboxyl group, peptide backbone, or carbohydrates, and a hydrophobic moiety, mostly a fatty acid...

BACKGROUND: Wound-related infections and complications are rare after day care laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). They can have a significant adverse impact on the postoperative course after an uneventful elective LC. The use of topical antibiotics over the port site may prevent such complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This trial was conducted from January 2018 to June 2019. Two hundred and fifty patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study...

INTRODUCTION: Endophytes refer to microorganisms residing within the endosphere of plants, particularly perennials, without inflicting noticeable injury or inducing obvious morphological variations to their host plant or host organism. Endophytic fungi, although often overlooked microorganisms, have garnered interest due to their significant biological diversity and ability to produce novel pharmacological substances. METHODS: In this study, fourteen endophytic fungi retrieved were from the stem of the perennial plant Polianthes tuberosa of the Asparagaceae family...

The main causes of maternal mortality are comorbidities, hypertensive pregnancy syndrome, obstetric haemorrhage, and maternal sepsis. For this reason, uterotonics, magnesium sulphate, and antibiotics are essential tools in the management of obstetric patients during labour and in the peripartum period. These drugs are widely used by anaesthesiologists in all departments, and play a crucial role in treatment and patient safety. For the purpose of this narrative review, we performed a detailed search of medical databases and selected studies describing the use of these drugs in patients during pregnancy, delivery and the pospartum period...

Antibiotic resistance is a recognized and concerning public health issue. Gram-negative bacilli, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ), are notorious for their rapid development of drug resistance, leading to treatment failures. TanReQing injection (TRQ) was chosen to explore its pharmacological mechanisms against clinical multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDR-PA), given its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. We revealed the expression of proteins and genes in P. aeruginosa after co-culture with TRQ...

BACKGROUND: To report the microbiological isolates, aetiology, complications, antibiotic susceptibilities, and clinical remission of dacryocystitis and canaliculitis in a prominent tertiary ophthalmic teaching and referral hospital located in northern China and to offer appropriate recommendations for preventing and formulating drug treatment strategies. METHODS: This prospective study recruited a total of 477 participants who had been diagnosed with either dacryocystitis or canaliculitis...

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a zoonotic pathogen that infects both humans and animals. The rapid spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and its resistance to antibiotics, along with its ability to form biofilms, poses a serious challenge to the clinical application of traditional antibiotics. Peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is a traditional Chinese medicine with multiple pharmacological effects. This study observed the strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the water extract (WE) and ethyl acetate extract (EA) of Chinese peony pods against MRSA...

The main recent change observed in the field of critical patient infection has been universal awareness of the need to make better use of antimicrobials, especially for the most serious cases, beyond the application of simple and effective formulas or rigid protocols. The increase in resistant microorganisms, the quantitative increase in major surgeries and interventional procedures in the highest risk patients, and the appearance of a significant number of new antibiotics in recent years (some very specifically directed against certain mechanisms of resistance and others with a broader spectrum of applications) have led us to shift our questions from "what to deal with" to "how to treat"...

BACKGROUND: Evaluating infection in home-based primary care is challenging, and these challenges may impact antibiotic prescribing. A refined understanding of antibiotic decision-making in this setting can inform strategies to promote antibiotic stewardship. This study investigated antibiotic decision-making by exploring the perspectives of clinicians in home-based primary care. METHODS: Clinicians from the Department of Veterans Affairs Home-Based Primary Care Program were recruited...

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Tridecaptins comprise a class of linear cationic lipopeptides with an N-terminal fatty acyl moiety. These 13-mer antimicrobial peptides consist of a combination of d- and l-amino acids, conferring increased proteolytic stability. Intriguingly, they are biosynthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases in the same bacterial species that also produce the cyclic polymyxins displaying similar fatty acid tails. Previously, the des-acyl analog of TriA1 (termed H-TriA1 ) was found to possess very weak antibacterial activity, albeit it potentiated the effect of several antibiotics...

(1) Background: Piperacillin-tazobactam represents the first-line option for treating infections caused by full- or multi-susceptible Enterobacterales and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in critically ill patients. Several studies reported that attaining aggressive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) targets with beta-lactams is associated with an improved microbiological/clinical outcome. We aimed to assess the relationship between the joint PK/PD target attainment of continuous infusion (CI) piperacillin-tazobactam and the microbiological/clinical outcome of documented Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI) and/or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) of critically ill patients treated with CI piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy...

Human Pseudomonas infections have high morbidity and mortality rates. Pseudomonas bacteria can cause sepsis or septic shock; they produce biofilm and commonly exhibit a multidrug-resistant phenotype. The choice of antimicrobial therapy in many cases is challenging, and deep knowledge of clinical, microbiological, and pharmacological issues is required. Intravenous fosfomycin is being repurposed in a combination given its favorable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties (a small molecule with favorable kinetic both in bloodstream infection and in deep-seated infections), antibiofilm activity, and its interesting synergistic effects with other antimicrobials...

OBJECTIVE: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae . Immunization and antimicrobial prophylaxis may prevent this complication, and landmark clinical trials support discontinuation of antimicrobial prophylaxis at age 5 years. However, antimicrobial prophylaxis continues in some patients indefinitely. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of culture-positive IPD and other infections in the setting of penicillin prophylaxis in the pediatric SCD population...

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot is one of the most significant complications in individuals with diabetes and is closely associated with lower limb amputation. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these bacterial isolates play a critical role in guiding effective treatment strategies We aimed to determine the most common bacterial agents causing diabetic foot infections in a tertiary-care hospital in Peru. METHODS: Clinical and microbiological data were collected from 181 patients diagnosed with diabetic foot infections and positive microbiological culture results...

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to synthesize a nanoform of eugenol (an important phytochemical with various pharmacological potentials) and to investigate its anti-biofilm efficacy on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. METHODS AND RESULTS: Colloidal suspension of eugenol-nanoparticles (ENPs) was synthesized by the simple ultrasonic cavitation method through emulsification of hydrophobic eugenol into hydrophilic gelatin. Thus, the nanonization process made water-insoluble eugenol into water-soluble nano-eugenol, making the nano-form bioavailable...

The health of chicks is closely related to their productivity. Yupingfeng polysaccharide (YPF-P) is a kind of water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from Yupingfeng powder; it has high pharmacological activity and can be used as a potential substitute for antibiotics to improve the health of chicks. This study aimed to investigate the effects of YPF-P on immune performance, the duodenum, and the cecal microflora of chicks. All chickens (4224) were randomly distributed into four groups (eight replicas/group, 132 hens/replica)...