Metaphylactic

Major efforts have been made by veterinary professionals to reduce the need for antibiotic use in animals. An online survey launched by the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE) aimed to gather responses from practicing veterinarians with field experience in metaphylactic livestock group treatment. Only 17% of all veterinarians (n = 183/1087, all species-specific responses merged) applied metaphylactic group treatments to 75% or more of all their treatments. Significantly less metaphylactic group treatments were reported in mixed practices ( p = 0...

Antimicrobial metaphylaxis of high-risk cattle entering the feedlot is a common management strategy implemented against bovine respiratory disease ( BRD ). Typically, following a prescribed postmetaphylactic interval ( PMI ), animals displaying clinical signs of BRD are pulled from the feedlot pen and treated with antimicrobials when treatment criteria are met. The objective of this study was to compare 2 distinct sequential BRD treatment protocols each consisting of a metaphylactic antimicrobial plus 2 potential subsequent as-needed treatment antimicrobials...

Eimeria are ubiquitous parasites and eimeriosis treatment is based on coccidiostats or coccidicides used prophylactically, metaphylactically, or therapeutically. The long-term efficacy of toltrazuril (TZR, 15 mg/kg) against experimentally infected naïve calves was investigated. Seven groups (six treated and one control) of six animals each were formed. Animals of each group received a single TZR prophylactic oral treatment on days - 42, - 35, - 28, - 21, - 14, and - 7 before the challenge with infectious sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp...

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary agent of Swine Enzootic Pneumonia (SEP). Vaccines reduce the clinical manifestation of the disease but do not prevent infection. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of antimicrobial drugs to minimize the impact of M. hyopneumoniae . For this, 32 pregnant female pigs and their litters were selected and then followed from birth to slaughter. The study involved three experimental groups that received metaphylactic treatment with different protocols involving tilmicosin, valnemulin, tulathromycin, and a control group to compare the effect of treatments against M...

In recent years, the scientific community, institutions, and public opinion have shown a growing awareness towards the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Guidelines from the European Union aim at significantly reducing (even avoiding) the antimicrobial use for prophylactic and metaphylactic purposes in veterinary medicine and this represents an important issue for several intensive farming systems, such as the veal industry. This retrospective observational cohort study analyzed net carcass weight data at the slaughter of 618 veal calves belonging to 6 batches of animals fattened in an Italian commercial farm according to the number of individual antimicrobial treatments administered during the fattening cycle...

AIMS: Our objective was to determine how injectable antimicrobials affected populations of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in feedlot cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two arrival date blocks of high-risk crossbred beef cattle (n = 249; mean BW = 244 kg) were randomly assigned one of four antimicrobial treatments administered on day 0: sterile saline control (CON), tulathromycin (TUL), ceftiofur (CEF) or florfenicol (FLR). Faecal samples were collected on days 0, 28, 56, 112, 182 and study end (day 252 for block 1 and day 242 for block 2)...

The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in poultry feeds increase the total cost of production and compromise the quality of poultry products, which poses a serious threat to human health. Globally, health-conscious poultry consumers have long called for the alternate use of natural additives to mitigate the development and spread of multidrug resistant pathogens. Phytogenic plants, such as green tea ( Camellia sinensis ) products, contain putative nutraceuticals with antibiotic properties that can be used as alternatives to therapeutic, metaphylactic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting antibiotics...

An evaluation of the patterns of antimicrobial use in livestock can help understand the increasing level of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. This study aimed at evaluating antimicrobial usage in modern layer poultry farms in the West Region of Cameroon. In this light, 70 layer poultry farms and 4 veterinary pharmacies were surveyed. Data on antimicrobial use were collected through interviews using a quantitative-frequency questionnaire and consultation of medical records. The four veterinary pharmacies sold a total of 2...

Three commercial honey bee operations in Saskatchewan, Canada, with outbreaks of American foulbrood (AFB) and recent or ongoing metaphylactic antibiotic use were intensively sampled to detect spores of Paenibacillus larvae during the summer of 2019. Here, we compared spore concentrations in different sample types within individual hives, assessed the surrogacy potential of honey collected from honey supers in place of brood chamber honey or adult bees within hives, and evaluated the ability of pooled, extracted honey to predict the degree of spore contamination identified through individual hive testing...

BACKGROUND: Respiratory infections are the main indication for antimicrobial use in calves. Optimal treatment duration currently is unknown, but shorter duration would likely decrease selection for antimicrobial resistance. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Determine differences in cure rate and healing time between animals treated with florfenicol and oxytetracycline in a natural outbreak of respiratory disease using reaeration observed on thoracic ultrasound examination as healing criterion...

It was the objective of this study to evaluate morbidity, mortality, use of veterinary drugs and production output on seven representative Swiss beef fatteners, who bought on a regular basis batches of calves from traders (mean age and weight: 31 day, 75 kg) and practised an all in-all out system. From March 2015 until May 2016, 51 batches with a total of 1307 calves were included. The use of drugs during the first eight weeks following delivery of calves from the trader, casualty rate and carcass performance of 837 bulls...

Here, we investigated the prevalence and risk factors for the presence of Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis , and Pasteurella multocida in the respiratory tract of calves from the spring processing to the reprocessing at feedlots. Additionally, we characterized, phenotypically and genotypically, the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of the four species. Calves from 22 cow-calf operations were enrolled in the study ( n = 30 calves per operation) and sampled by deep nasopharyngeal swabs at three time points: spring processing, weaning, or induction into feedlots, and at reprocessing at the feedlot...

Vibriosis caused by Vibrio campbellii and related species is amongst the major hindrance to the sustainable expansion of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii larviculture. Induction of heat shock protein Hsp70 is a natural response of stressed organisms that protect against many insults including vibriosis in aquaculture animals. Therefore, there is a great interest in searching for natural compounds that could induce Hsp70 in animals in a non-invasive manner. Previously, in a series of in vivo studies, we have shown that the phenolic compound phloroglucinol could induce Hsp70 in aquaculture organisms Macrobrachium and Artemia...

On a global scale, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as a One Health challenge due to the continual and increased development and distribution of resistant microbes and genes among humans, animals, and the environment. These sectors contribute to the increase in AMR, as antibiotics are widely used in healthcare to treat or prevent bacterial infection; as growth enhancers, therapeutics and metaphylactics in animal husbandry; and transmitted in the environment through irrigation using wastewater or inappropriate disposal and treatment of human and agricultural waste...

BACKGROUND: Selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) is widely promoted in dairy farming as a method to reduce antimicrobial usage. New legislation introduced by the European Union will restrict and regulate the prophylactic and metaphylactic use of antibiotics from January 2022. Blanket dry cow therapy continues to be a practice engaged in by many farmers in Ireland and for many of these farmers, moving towards SDCT would require a significant infrastructural, behavioural and/or cultural change on their farm...

Minimizing the clinical signs of Enterococcus cecorum infections causing enterococcal spondylitis in broiler herds is successful when initiated as metaphylaxis in the first week of life. Mechanistically, either the Enterococcus species present at that time are reduced by antibiotic treatment or antibiotic treatment might induce changes in intestinal microbiota composition with an indirect and subsequent influence. The aim of the present study was to examine the cecal microbiota of chickens after administering lincospectin or different additives to evaluate whether these additives have lincospectin-like effects on microbiota...

On many pig farms, growing pigs are mass-medicated for short periods with antimicrobial drugs through their drinking water for metaphylaxis and to treat clinical disease. We conducted a series of four prospective observational cohort studies of routine metaphylactic in-water antibiotic dosing events on a commercial pig farm, to assess the concentration of antimicrobial available to pigs throughout a building over time. Each dosing event was conducted by the farm manager with a differently designed looped water distribution system (WDS)...

Antibiotic use in swine production contributes to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria, which poses a threat on human health. Therefore, alternative approaches must be developed. The objective of this work was the characterization of the probiotic properties of a Ligilactobacillus salivarius strain isolated from sow's milk and its application as an inoculated fermented feed to pregnant sows and piglets. The study was carried in a farm in which metaphylactic use of antimicrobials (including zinc oxide) was eliminated at the time of starting the probiotic intervention, which lasted for 2 years...

The aims of this study were to evaluate histopathologic changes during the transition period, describe the histopathological features of the metabotypes identified in Part I (Schären et al., 2021b), and investigate effects of a metaphylactic treatment with butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin (BCC) on the liver parenchyma. Eighty German Holstein cows (mean 305-d production: 10,957 kg, range: 6,480-15,193 kg; mean lactation number: 3.9, range: 2-9) from a commercial dairy farm in Saxony, Germany, were enrolled in a randomized, prospective, triple-blinded study...

Dairy cows in modern production systems are at risk to develop metabolic disorders during the transition period. Reasons for individual differences in susceptibility, as well as the underlying pathomechanisms, are still only partially understood. The development of metaphylactic treatment protocols is needed. In this context, an on-farm prospective 3-fold blinded randomized study involving 80 German Holstein cows was performed throughout 1 yr. The trial involved a thorough recording of the production and clinical traits, clinical chemistry, and liver biopsies and blood and urine sampling at d 14 (mean: 12 d, range: 1-26 d) antepartum (AP), and d 7 (7, 4-13) and 28 (28, 23-34) postpartum (PP) for metabolomics analyses...