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Headache is worldwide one of the leading reasons to consult a general practitioner or a neurologist. In addition to the medical history and results of laboratory parameters, imaging represents one of the most important diagnostic steps. As there is a myriad of possible causes, it is nearly impossible to cover the whole spectrum of this topic. This article summarizes the most important morphological imaging findings and their pitfalls.

STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS: Fetal: Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); postnatal: conventional X‑ray diagnostics, computed tomography (CT) and MRI. METHODICAL INNOVATIONS: MRI-based lung ventilation and perfusion measurement. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: Lifelong follow-up care should be provided, in which radiology is part of the treatment team.

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Early treatment of cardiovascular risk factors and characterization of coronary plaques is essential to collect prognostic information about coronary artery disease (CAD) and prevent cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVES: Discussion of the most important risk factors of CAD, basic diagnostic of CAD, prevention, and prognostic factors of CAD with focus on cardiac computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prevalence and prognostic impact of CAD risk factors; description of specific assessment of risk profiles; estimation of pretest probability; conventional prevention of CAD; prognostic assessment of CAD using the Calcium Scoring and coronary CT angiography...

Radiology plays a key role in the diagnosis and monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to identify HCC lesions. Multiparametric MRI provides detailed insights into the tumor biology through the analysis of morphology, perfusion and diffusion. In this way preoperative decisions can be optimized. The guidelines recommend using contrast-enhanced MRI or ultrasound for the diagnosis of HCC. The preferred method is MRI due to its superiority in the detection of small lesions The treatment response is evaluated using modified response evaluation criteria for solid tumors (RECIST) and the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) criteria...

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The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is essential for the stability of the knee joint and ACL tears are one of the most common sports injuries with a high incidence, especially in sports that require rotational movements and abrupt changes in direction. Injuries of the ACL are rarely isolated and are often accompanied by meniscal and other internal knee injuries, which increase the risk of osteoarthritis. The spectrum of ACL injuries includes strains, partial tears and complete tears. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a pivotal role in the diagnostics as it can accurately depict not only the ACL but also accompanying injuries...

BACKGROUND:  Perivascular spaces (synonym: Virchow-Robin spaces) were first described over 150 years ago. They are defined as the fluid-filled spaces surrounding the small penetrating cerebral vessels. They gained growing scientific interest especially with the postulation of the so-called glymphatic system and their possible role in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. METHODS:  PubMed was used for a systematic search with a focus on literature regarding MRI imaging and evaluation methods of perivascular spaces...

In the acute diagnostics of a suspected nephroureterolithiasis, ultrasonography should be the examination modality of choice. In cases of suspected urolithiasis, unclear flank pain with fever or in cases of a solitary kidney, a noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan should always subsequently be performed. If the sonography findings are inconclusive in pregnant women a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination can be considered. If there are indications for urinary diversion, a retrograde imaging study should be performed as part of the urinary diversion...

Conventional or digital radiography is still the basis of imaging diagnostics of the skeletal system in pediatric patients. It is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, treatment selection, and follow-up. In addition, procedures such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and also nuclear medicine techniques can and should be used. It is advantageous to use trained radiology technicians who are familiar with the handling of children in X‑ray diagnostics. If there is no dedicated pediatric radiology department, it is recommended to follow the guidelines from radiology societies (as low as reasonably achievable [ALARA]) and radiation protection commissions...

Posterolateral instability of the knee joint typically occurs with injuries to the posterolateral corner of the joint or with additional combined injuries involving the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments. In addition to numerous, smaller anatomical structures, the most important are the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), the popliteus muscle with its tendon, and the popliteofibular ligament (PFL), which can usually be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On the contrary, small structures like the arcuate ligament and fabellofibular ligament cannot always be identified...

PURPOSE: We aimed to explore the performance of diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) parameters in evaluating disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with invasive breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 49 women with invasive breast cancer who were diagnosed between 2017 and 2022 were included. All patients underwent breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with DTI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) features, with examiners blinded to the clinical data...

Immunotherapeutic agents and in particular immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have opened up extensive new therapeutic possibilities in oncology over the last decade. For numerous entities these substances have improved the clinical outcome, sometimes as monotherapy but also in combination with cytostatic or targeted treatment. In routine clinical practice the type of radiological response often differs from what is seen under cytostatic treatment: a mixed response of individual lesions is more frequently observed and occasionally also a response after an initial progress (so-called pseudoprogression)...

The ultrasound (US) examination is the most important imaging procedure in the clinical care of children with chronic kidney disease, the assessment before kidney transplantation and in the acute and chronic phase after successful kidney transplantation. In trained hands, particularly with experience in Doppler sonography, US ensures that vascular complications, such as occlusions, thrombosis, stenosis as well as non-vascular complications, e.g., urinary tract dilatation, abscesses, hematomas, urine leaks or lymphoceles, are cost-effectively and rapidly diagnosed at any time...

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High-quality magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is essential for the precise assessment of the knee joint and plays a key role in the diagnostics, treatment and prognosis. Intact cartilage tissue is characterized by a smooth surface, uniform tissue thickness and an organized zonal structure, which are manifested as depth-dependent signal intensity variations. Cartilage pathologies are identifiable through alterations in signal intensity and morphology and should be communicated based on a precise terminology...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the clinical method of choice for cartilage imaging in the context of degenerative and nondegenerative joint diseases. The MRI-based definitions of osteoarthritis rely on the detection of osteophytes, cartilage pathologies, bone marrow edema and meniscal lesions but currently a scientific consensus is lacking. In the clinical routine proton density-weighted, fat-suppressed 2D turbo spin echo sequences with echo times of 30-40 ms are predominantly used, which are sufficiently sensitive and specific for the assessment of cartilage...

CLINICAL/METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEM: Urinary tract infections are among the most common infectious diseases in childhood. The task of imaging is to detect predisposing factors, such as urinary transport disorders, vesicoureteral reflux, as well as complications such as abscesses or pyonephrosis in addition to possible morphological changes of the kidneys and the draining urinary tract during an infection. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: The initial diagnostic imaging technique is generally sonography...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.