Neal L Millar, Adam Meakins, Filip Struyf, Elaine Willmore, Abigail L Campbell, Paul D Kirwan, Moeed Akbar, Laura Moore, Jonathan C Ronquillo, George A C Murrell, Scott A Rodeo
Frozen shoulder is a common debilitating disorder characterized by shoulder pain and progressive loss of shoulder movement. Frozen shoulder is frequently associated with other systemic conditions or occurs following periods of immobilization, and has a protracted clinical course, which can be frustrating for patients as well as health-care professionals. Frozen shoulder is characterized by fibroproliferative tissue fibrosis, whereby fibroblasts, producing predominantly type I and type III collagen, transform into myofibroblasts (a smooth muscle phenotype), which is accompanied by inflammation, neoangiogenesis and neoinnervation, resulting in shoulder capsular fibrotic contractures and the associated clinical stiffness...
September 8, 2022: Nature Reviews. Disease Primers