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• keyword#1
Kristen C Brown, Joshua M Svendsen, Rachel M Tucci, Brooke E Montgomery, Taiowa A Montgomery
Caenorhabditis elegans contains 25 Argonautes, of which, ALG-1 and ALG-2 are known to primarily interact with miRNAs. ALG-5 belongs to the AGO subfamily of Argonautes that includes ALG-1 and ALG-2, but its role in small RNA pathways is unknown. We analyzed by high-throughput sequencing the small RNAs associated with ALG-5, ALG-1 and ALG-2, as well as changes in mRNA expression in alg-5, alg-1 and alg-2 mutants. We show that ALG-5 defines a distinct branch of the miRNA pathway affecting the expression of genes involved in immunity, defense, and development...
June 22, 2017: Nucleic Acids Research
#2
Gerhard Schertzinger, Sonja Zimmermann, Daniel Grabner, Bernd Sures
The aim of this study was to investigate chronic effects of the platinum-group elements (PGE) palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Aquatic toxicity testing was carried out according to ISO 10872 by determining 96 h EC50 values for sublethal endpoints, including growth, fertility and reproduction. Single PGE standard solutions were used as metal source. Based on the EC50 values for Pt, reproduction (96 h EC50 = 497 μg/L) was the most sensitive endpoint followed by fertility (96 h EC50 = 726 μg/L) and growth (96 h EC50 = 808 μg/L)...
June 20, 2017: Environmental Pollution
#3
Daniel M Kaufman, Xia Wu, Barbara A Scott, Omar A Itani, Marc R Van Gilst, James E Bruce, C Michael Crowder
Aggregation of cytosolic proteins is a pathological finding in disease states, including ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. We have previously reported that hypoxia induces protein misfolding in Caenorhabditis elegans mitochondria, and electron micrographs suggested protein aggregates. Here, we seek to determine whether mitochondrial proteins actually aggregate after hypoxia and other cellular stresses. To enrich for mitochondrial proteins that might aggregate, we performed a proteomics analysis on purified C...
June 23, 2017: Cell Death and Differentiation
#4
Takuma Sugi
Caenorhabditis elegans, a 1 mm long free-living nematode, is a traditional model animal for genetic investigations of various biological processes. Characteristic features that make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies include its rapid life cycle, well-annotated genome, simple morphology, and transparency. Recently, genome editing technologies have been increasingly used in C. elegans, thereby facilitating their genetic analyses. Here, I introduce a protocol frequently used in C...
2017: Methods in Molecular Biology
#5
Qingbo Wang, Kumiko Ui-Tei
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system is a prominent genome engineering technology. In the CRISPR/Cas system, the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas protein introduces a DNA double-stranded break at the genome position recognized by a guide RNA (gRNA) based on complementary base-pairing of about 20-nucleotides in length. The 8- or 12-mer gRNA sequence in the proximal region is especially important for target recognition, and the genes with sequence complementarity to such regions are often disrupted...
2017: Methods in Molecular Biology
#6
Hannah Hopewell, Kieran G Floyd, Daniel Burnell, John T Hancock, Joel Allainguillaume, Michael R Ladomery, Ian D Wilson
This study investigated the neurological effects of residual ground-water levels of thiacloprid on the non-target organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Nematodes treated with thiacloprid showed a dose-dependent and significantly increased twitch response at concentrations above 50 ng mL(-1) that disabled their forward locomotion in liquid culture. In comparison with untreated controls, 10 ng mL(-1) thiacloprid perturbed the chemosensory ability of C. elegans such that the nematodes no longer demonstrated positive chemotaxis towards a NaCl chemo-attractant, reducing their chemotaxis index from +0...
June 22, 2017: Ecotoxicology
#7
Annika L A Nichols, Tomáš Eichler, Richard Latham, Manuel Zimmer
How the brain effectively switches between and maintains global states, such as sleep and wakefulness, is not yet understood. We used brainwide functional imaging at single-cell resolution to show that during the developmental stage of lethargus, the Caenorhabditis elegans brain is predisposed to global quiescence, characterized by systemic down-regulation of neuronal activity. Only a few specific neurons are exempt from this effect. In the absence of external arousing cues, this quiescent brain state arises by the convergence of neuronal activities toward a fixed-point attractor embedded in an otherwise dynamic neural state space...
June 23, 2017: Science
#8
Xufei Zhou, Xiangyang Chen, Yun Wang, Xuezhu Feng, Shouhong Guang
Ribosome biogenesis drives cell growth and proliferation, but mechanisms that modulate this process remain poorly understood. For a long time, small ribosomal RNA sequences have been widely treated as non-specific degradation products and neglected as garbage sequences. Recently, we identified a new class of antisense ribosomal siRNAs (risiRNAs) that downregulate pre-rRNA through the nuclear RNAi pathway in C. elegans. risiRNAs exhibit sequence characteristics similar to 22G RNA while complement to 18S and 26S rRNA...
June 22, 2017: RNA Biology
#9
Tang Hai, Chunwei Cao, Haitao Shang, Weiwei Guo, Yanshuang Mu, Shulin Yang, Ying Zhang, Qiantao Zheng, Tao Zhang, Xianlong Wang, Yu Liu, Qingran Kong, Kui Li, Dayu Wang, Meng Qi, Qianlong Hong, Rui Zhang, Xiupeng Wang, Qitao Jia, Xiao Wang, Guosong Qin, Yongshun Li, Ailing Luo, Weiwu Jin, Jing Yao, Jiaojiao Huang, Hongyong Zhang, Menghua Li, Xiangmo Xie, Xuejuan Zheng, Kenan Guo, Qinhua Wang, Shibin Zhang, Liang Li, Fei Xie, Yu Zhang, Xiaogang Weng, Zhi Yin, Kui Hu, Yimei Cong, Peng Zheng, Hailong Zou, Leilei Xin, Jihan Xia, Jinxue Ruan, Hegang Li, Weiming Zhao, Jing Yuan, Zizhan Liu, Weiwang Gu, Ming Li, Yong Wang, Hongmei Wang, Shiming Yang, Zhonghua Liu, Hong Wei, Jianguo Zhao, Qi Zhou, Anming Meng
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis is a powerful tool to efficiently generate large scale of mutants and discover genes with novel functions at the whole-genome level in C. elegans, flies, zebrafish and mice, but has never been tried in large model animals. In the current study, we reported a successful systematic three-generation ENU mutagenesis screening in pigs with the establishment of Chinese Swine Mutagenesis Consortium. A total of 6,770 G1 and 6,800 G3 pigs were screened, 36 dominant and 91 recessive novel pig families with various phenotypes were established...
June 22, 2017: ELife
#10
Francesca Farina, Emmanuel Lambert, Lucie Commeau, François-Xavier Lejeune, Nathalie Roudier, Cosima Fonte, J Alex Parker, Jacques Boddaert, Marc Verny, Etienne-Emile Baulieu, Christian Neri
Helping neurons to compensate for proteotoxic stress and maintain function over time (neuronal compensation) has therapeutic potential in aging and neurodegenerative disease. The stress response factor FOXO3 is neuroprotective in models of Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease and motor-neuron diseases. Neuroprotective compounds acting in a FOXO-dependent manner could thus constitute bona fide drugs for promoting neuronal compensation. However, whether FOXO-dependent neuroprotection is a common feature of several compound families remains unknown...
June 21, 2017: Scientific Reports
#11
Fumio Nakamura, Takako Okada, Maria Shishikura, Noriko Uetani, Masahiko Taniguchi, Takeshi Yagi, Yoichiro Iwakura, Toshio Ohshima, Yoshio Goshima, Stephen M Strittmatter
Leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) class protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are critical for axonal guidance; however, their relation to specific guidance cues is poorly defined. We here show that PTP-3, LAR homologue in C. elegans, is involved in axon guidance regulated by Sema2A-signaling. PTPδ, one of vertebrate LAR class PTPs, participates in Sema3A-induced growth cone collapse response of primary cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from M. musculus embryos. In vivo, however, the contribution of PTPδ in Sema3A-regualted axon guidance was minimal...
June 21, 2017: Journal of Neuroscience: the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
#12
Michelle T Panzica, Harold C Marin, Anne-Cecile Reymann, Francis J McNally
Fertilization occurs during female meiosis in most animals, which raises the question of what prevents the sperm DNA from interacting with the meiotic spindle. In this study, we find that Caenorhabditis elegans sperm DNA stays in a fixed position at the opposite end of the embryo from the meiotic spindle while yolk granules are transported throughout the embryo by kinesin-1. In the absence of F-actin, the sperm DNA, centrioles, and organelles were transported as a unit with the yolk granules, resulting in sperm DNA within 2 µm of the meiotic spindle...
June 21, 2017: Journal of Cell Biology
#13
Naina Kurup, Dong Yan, Karina Kono, Yishi Jin
Neural circuits are dynamic, with activity-dependent changes in synapse density and connectivity peaking during different phases of animal development. In C. elegans, young larvae form mature motor circuits through a dramatic switch in GABAergic neuron connectivity, by concomitant elimination of existing synapses and formation of new synapses that are maintained throughout adulthood. We have previously shown that an increase in microtubule dynamics during motor circuit rewiring facilitates new synapse formation...
June 21, 2017: PLoS Genetics
#14
Pauline A Cottee, Tim Cole, Jessica Schultz, Hieu D Hoang, Jack Vibbert, Sung Min Han, Michael A Miller
VAMP/synaptobrevin-associated proteins (VAPs) contain an N-terminal major sperm protein domain (MSPd) that is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. VAPs have an intracellular housekeeping function, as well as an extracellular signaling function mediated by the secreted MSPd. Here we show that the C. elegans VAP homolog VPR-1 is essential for gonad development. vpr-1 null mutants are maternal effect sterile due to arrested gonadogenesis following embryo hatching. Somatic gonadal precursor cells and germ cells fail to proliferate fully and complete their respective differentiation programs...
June 15, 2017: Development
#15
Jessica Schultz, Se-Jin Lee, Tim Cole, Hieu D Hoang, Jack Vibbert, Pauline A Cottee, Michael A Miller, Sung Min Han
The major sperm protein domain (MSPd) has an extracellular signaling function implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Secreted MSPds derived from the C. elegans VAPB homolog VPR-1 promote mitochondrial localization to actin-rich I-bands in body wall muscle. Here we show that the nervous system and germ line are key MSPd secretion tissues. MSPd signals are transduced through the CLR-1 Lar-like tyrosine phosphatase receptor. We show that CLR-1 is expressed throughout the muscle plasma membrane, where it is accessible to MSPd within the pseudocoelomic fluid...
June 15, 2017: Development
#16
Julie A Hall, Matthew K McElwee, Jonathan H Freedman
It has been proposed that aging results from the lifelong accumulation of intracellular damage via reactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Metallothioneins are conserved cysteine-rich proteins that function as efficient ROS scavengers and may affect longevity. To better understand mechanisms controlling metallothionein expression, the regulatory factors and pathways that controlled cadmium-inducible transcription of the C. elegans metallothionein gene, mtl-1, were identified. The transcription factor ATF-7 was identified in both ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenesis and candidate gene screens...
2017: PloS One
#17
Kathryn J Weaver, Cassandra J May, Brian L Ellis
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are intestinal parasitic nematodes that infect humans, and are transmitted through contaminated soil. These nematodes include the large roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), and hookworm (Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus). Nearly 1.5 billion people (~24% of the population) worldwide are infected with at least one species of these parasites, burdening the poor, in particular, children and pregnant women. To combat these diseases, the WHO only recognizes four anthelmintic drugs, including the preferred drug, albendazole, for mass drug administration (MDA)...
2017: PloS One
#18
Chiara Stringari, Lamiae Abdeladim, Guy Malkinson, Pierre Mahou, Xavier Solinas, Isabelle Lamarre, Sébastien Brizion, Jean-Baptiste Galey, Willy Supatto, Renaud Legouis, Ana-Maria Pena, Emmanuel Beaurepaire
Two-photon imaging of endogenous fluorescence can provide physiological and metabolic information from intact tissues. However, simultaneous imaging of multiple intrinsic fluorophores, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(phosphate) (NAD(P)H), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and retinoids in living systems is generally hampered by sequential multi-wavelength excitation resulting in motion artifacts. Here, we report on efficient and simultaneous multicolor two-photon excitation of endogenous fluorophores with absorption spectra spanning the 750-1040 nm range, using wavelength mixing...
June 19, 2017: Scientific Reports
#19
Yusuke Azuma, Shuichi Onami
BACKGROUND: Recent advances in bioimaging and automated analysis methods have enabled the large-scale systematic analysis of cellular dynamics during the embryonic development of Caenorhabditis elegans. Most of these analyses have focused on cell lineage tracing rather than cell shape dynamics. Cell shape analysis requires cell membrane segmentation, which is challenging because of insufficient resolution and image quality. This problem is currently solved by complicated segmentation methods requiring laborious and time consuming parameter adjustments...
June 19, 2017: BMC Bioinformatics
#20
Aixia Zhang, Xiaohong Gu, Xiuping Wang, Lei Wang, Lihua Zeng, Xuemei Fan, Chen Jiang, Ziyi Fu, Xianwei Cui, Chenbo Ji, Hongming Qu, Xirong Guo
Triclosan (TCS) is widely used as broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. However, it may threaten the health of human offspring if the mother is exposed to TCS during pregnancy. The present study aimed to identify potential mechanisms behind the toxic effect of TCS on the offspring of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), using this nematode as a suitable animal model. The results of the current study demonstrated that the locomotory behavior and reproductive capacity of C. elegans offspring was severely affected by prenatal exposure to different concentrations of TCS...
June 13, 2017: Molecular Medicine Reports
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