Malleus

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the branchial origin of the articular and the square (homology of the malleus and the incus of mammals), we used immunohistochemistry to analyse the expression of the Hox-A2 protein during cephalogenesis in chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections of embryos from stage HH16 to HH40. RESULTS: In addition to the columella (equivalent to the mammalian stapes), the joint between the articular and the quadrate bones, and the retro-articular process of the articular (homologous to the short process of the malleus) express Hox-A2, suggesting an intervention of the 2nd arch in their formation...

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic ossicular chain reconstruction (OCR) in adults has demonstrated equivalent outcomes to the traditional microscopic approach. Less data exist on endoscopic OCR outcomes in children, who have unique considerations including a smaller transcanal corridor and variable pathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate surgical and audiometric outcomes in children undergoing fully endoscopic and endoscopic-assisted OCR in both the short and long-term. METHODS: Retrospective review of all children (<17 years) who underwent endoscopic OCR at one tertiary care center between 2017 and 2021...

The Objective of the study was to assess the ossicular status in chronic otitis media (COM)-mucosal and squamosal type and statistically evaluate the extent of ossicular destruction intraoperatively in COM patients. The findings of this study could help us to predict preoperatively the probability of having ossicular chain destruction in COM ears and thus patients could therefore be properly consented about these potential issues before surgery. The study was carried out in ENT department of tertiary health care hospital, between January 2019 to January 2020...

PURPOSE: The aim of the current study is to compare the surgical and audiometric results of conventional incus interposition (IP) versus malleostapediopexy (MS) in incus long process large defects. METHODS: A total of 71 patients (incus IP group n = 37, MS group n = 34) were enrolled in this study. All patients enrolled in the current study underwent ossiculoplasty via an exclusive endoscopic transcanal approach. Pre- and postoperative audiometric measurements and air-bone gap (ABG) values were compared, and if the postoperative ABG value was less than 20 dB, ossiculoplasty was considered successful...

Isolated malleus fractures are a rare occurrence with few reported cases in the literature. Symptoms include sudden otalgia, hearing loss, tinnitus and aural fullness. Work-up and diagnosis are based on a combination of thorough anamnesis and careful otoscopic evaluation or high-resolution computer tomography. We present two cases of isolated malleus handle fractures who were diagnosed based on a combination of pneumatic otoscopy and tympanometry. Both fractures were surgically repaired using hydroxyapatite bone cement as showcased in the supplemental video material...

OBJECTIVE: Tophaceous lesions of the middle ear from calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD, or pseudogout) and gout are infrequently reported. Recognizing its characteristic findings will allow clinicians to accurately narrow the differential diagnosis of bony-appearing middle ear lesions and improve management. PATIENTS: Two consecutive cases of tophaceous middle ear lesions presenting to a tertiary care center between January 2021 and December 2021. Neither with previous rheumatologic history...

BACKGROUND: Tympanoplasty is the most common operation performed by an Otolaryngologist worldwide.Type 1 tympanoplasty involves repair of pars tensa of tympanic membrane, when the middle ear is normal. The most widely used method is underlay technique using temporalis facia. In buttonhole tympanoplasty, the temporalis fascia is anchored to the handle of malleus through the buttonhole. OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze graft uptake and hearing outcome in button hole technique and underlay technique...

To study the morphology and anthropometry of human ear ossicles from cadaveric temporal bone and to study the variations of the human ossicles from ossiculoplasty point of view. 38 sets of ear ossicles were collected, each containing malleus, incus and stapes, from temporal bone dissection done in Vasantrao Pawar medical college, Nashik. They were studied under microscope & anthropometrical, morphological evaluation done. Malleus showed variations in handle where 61% were straight and 39% curved. Weight of malleus ranged from 0...

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have been conducted on the effect of the stapes superstructure after ossicular chain reconstruction, but the findings are not uniform. OBJECTIVE: To compare the hearing outcomes of ossicular chain reconstruction with partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP) or total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP) under otoendoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 111 patients diagnosed with chronic suppurative otitis media were retrospectively analyzed...

INTRODUCTION: Congenital ossicular chain anomalies are rare conductive hearing loss conditions that remain difficult to diagnose even with high-resolution computed tomography (CT). The preoperative diagnosis is helpful for surgical planning and counseling patients regarding treatment outcomes. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case involving a 14-year-old boy presenting with left conductive hearing loss without history of trauma for 5 years, physical examination showed normal otoscopic examination bilaterally and high-resolution CT showed absent of stapes suprastructure and footplate...

Objective: We examined the relationship between factors of middle ear conditions and the outcome of ossiculoplasty in chronic otitis media (COM) by measuring the improvement in the air-bone gap (ABG) and air conduction threshold (TAC). Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 76 patients (77 ears) who underwent ossiculoplasty from among 520 COM patients who underwent tympanoplasty based on the maximum preservation of the original ossicles. The reconstructed ossicular chain was performed by preserving or utilizing the remaining malleus in all cases with the presence of the malleus manubrium...

Endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers a non-invasive approach to perform the morphological and functional assessment of the middle ear in vivo. However, interpreting such OCT images is challenging and time-consuming due to the shadowing of preceding structures. Deep neural networks have emerged as a promising tool to enhance this process in multiple aspects, including segmentation, classification, and registration. Nevertheless, the scarcity of annotated datasets of OCT middle ear images poses a significant hurdle to the performance of neural networks...

Nowadays, the infraorder Delphinida (oceanic dolphins and kin) represents the most diverse extant clade of Cetacea, with delphinids alone accounting for more than 40% of the total number of living cetacean species. As for other cetacean groups, the Early Miocene represents a key interval for the evolutionary history of Delphinida, as it was during this time span that the delphinidans became broadly distributed worldwide, first and foremost with the widespread genus Kentriodon and closely related forms. Here, we report on a new odontocete find from Burdigalian (20...

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Objective: To investigate the surgical outcomes and safety of the follower arm endoscope holder in assisting type Ⅰ tympanoplasty. Methods: The clinical data of 16 patients who underwent type Ⅰ tympanoplasty at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from November 2022 to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, among which 8 cases were operated by traditional otoscopy and 8 cases were operated by supported endoscopy.The surgical procedure was analyzed and the completion of supported endoscopic operation was observed, while the duration of the operation, the time consumed by the main steps, the frequency of wiping the lenses, the perioperative complications, and the improvement of the postoperative hearing were recorded and statistically analyzed...

How we move our bodies affects how we perceive sound. For instance, we can explore an environment to seek out the source of a sound and we can use head movements to compensate for hearing loss. How we do this is not well understood because many auditory experiments are designed to limit head and body movements. To study the role of movement in hearing, we developed a behavioral task called sound-seeking that rewarded mice for tracking down an ongoing sound source. Over the course of learning, mice more efficiently navigated to the sound...

PURPOSE: One of the major reasons that totally implantable cochlear microphones are not readily available is the lack of good implantable microphones. An implantable microphone has the potential to provide a range of benefits over external microphones for cochlear implant users including the filtering ability of the outer ear, cosmetics, and usability in all situations. This paper presents results from experiments in human cadaveric ears of a piezofilm microphone concept under development as a possible component of a future implantable microphone system for use with cochlear implants...

PURPOSE: Patient-to-image registration is a preliminary step required in surgical navigation based on preoperative images. Human intervention and fiducial markers hamper this task as they are time-consuming and introduce potential errors. We aimed to develop a fully automatic 2D registration system for augmented reality in ear surgery. METHODS: CT-scans and corresponding oto-endoscopic videos were collected from 41 patients (58 ears) undergoing ear examination (vestibular schwannoma before surgery, profound hearing loss requiring cochlear implant, suspicion of perilymphatic fistula, contralateral ears in cases of unilateral chronic otitis media)...

OBJECTIVES: Although previous research has indicated inner ear changes in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, no prior study has explored the middle ear, particularly the ossicles and their joints, in DM patients. This study aimed to investigate whether type 2 DM is associated with middle ear changes, specifically affecting the ossicular chain and joints. METHODS: This study included 47 ears from 25 patients with DM (male = 13, female = 12, age: 51...

Congenital cholesteatoma accounts for 25% of cholesteatoma cases in children. Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery (TEES) is ideal for these patients because it offers a wide endoscopic view of the middle ear and a minimally invasive approach. The two main limitations are the loss of one operative hand and a narrow external auditory canal in younger children. Here, we present the case of a 3-year-old patient with a Potsic stage III congenital cholesteatoma adherent to the incus and branches of the stapes. A robotic-assisted TEES procedure was performed, during which a robotic arm with 6 degrees of freedom held a 0°, 2...