caudal

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The development of syringomyelia has been associated with changes in CSF flow dynamics in the spinal subarachnoid space. However, differences in CSF flow velocity between patients with posttraumatic syringomyelia and healthy participants remains unclear. The aim of this work was to define differences in CSF flow above and below a syrinx in participants with posttraumatic syringomyelia and compare the CSF flow with that in healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six participants with posttraumatic syringomyelia were recruited for this study...

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), but no previous study has examined these effects on spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate whether calcitriol protects the spinal cord from I/R injury. METHODS: Rabbits were randomized into four groups of eight animals: group 1 (laparotomy control), group 2 (ischemia control), group 3 (30mg/kg intraperitoneal methylprednisolone at surgery), and group 4 (0...

OBJECTIVE: To describe an ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block in canidae. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, experimental, cadaveric study. ANIMALS: Twelve thawed fox cadavers. METHODS: A 15 MHz linear transducer was used to visualize the paravertebral space at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebrae. Iohexol (300 mg mL(-1)) at 0.2 mL kg(-1) was injected into the right and left paravertebral spaces under ultrasound guidance using a Tuohy needle...

OBJECTIVE: One-stage posterior hemivertebral resection has been proven to be an effective, reliable surgical option for treating congenital scoliosis due to a single hemivertebra. To date, however, no studies of treating unbalanced multiple hemivertebrae have appeared. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of one-stage posterior hemivertebral resection for unbalanced multiple hemivertebrae. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Altogether, we studied 15 patients with unbalanced multiple hemivertebrae who had undergone hemivertebral resection using the one-stage posterior approach with at least 2 years of follow-up...

Axial morphology was dramatically transformed during the transition from terrestrial to aquatic environments by archaeocete cetaceans, and again during the subsequent odontocete radiation. Here, we reconstruct the sequence of developmental events that underlie these phenotypic transitions. Archaeocete innovations include the loss of primaxial/abaxial interaction at the sacral/pelvic articulation and the modular dissociation of the fluke from the remainder of the tail. Odontocetes subsequently integrated lumbar, sacral, and anterior caudal vertebrae into a single torso module, and underwent multiple series-specific changes in vertebral count...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the anatomy and clinical importance of extraforaminal ligaments in the cervical region. METHODS: This study was performed on eight embalmed cadavers. The existence and types of extraforaminal ligaments were identified. The morphology, quantity, origin, insertion, and orientation of the extraforaminal ligaments in the cervical region were observed. RESULTS: Extraforaminal ligaments could be divided into two types: transforaminal ligaments and radiating ligaments...

The involvement of the reticular formation (RF) in the transmission and modulation of nociceptive information has been extensively studied. The brainstem RF contains several areas which are targeted by spinal cord afferents conveying nociceptive input. The arrival of nociceptive input to the RF may trigger alert reactions which generate a protective/defense reaction to pain. RF neurons located at the medulla oblongata and targeted by ascending nociceptive information are also involved in the control of vital functions that can be affected by pain, namely cardiovascular control...

Positioned at the intersection of the head, body and forelimb, the pectoral girdle has the potential to function in both feeding and locomotor behaviours-although the latter has been studied far more. In ray-finned fishes, the pectoral girdle attaches directly to the skull and is retracted during suction feeding, enabling the ventral body muscles to power rapid mouth expansion. However, in sharks, the pectoral girdle is displaced caudally and entirely separate from the skull (as in tetrapods), raising the question of whether it is mobile during suction feeding and contributing to suction expansion...

The health of laboratory animals is an ethical responsibility of researchers and a critical determinant of experimental outcome. Therefore, all husbandry procedures should be evaluated for their effects on mortality, behavior, and physiology to maximize animal welfare and minimize experimental variability. For adult zebrafish, the excision of a small portion of the caudal fin (that is, 'fin clipping') under MS222 anesthesia is a common procedure to obtain tissue for genotyping. The potential effect of this procedure on behavioral and physiologic assays of feeding, anxiety, and stress has not previously been assessed...

Hagfishes are unique to the vertebrate lineage in that they acquire dissolved nutrients across multiple epithelia including the intestine, gill, and skin. This feat has been attributed to their immersive feeding behavior that likely simultaneously provides benefits (nutrient rich) and potentially adverse (hypercapnia, hypoxia, high environmental ammonia) physiological effects. Examinations have been conducted of the ex vivo transport capabilities of specific nutrients as well as in vivo effects of the hypothesized feeding environments, yet the physiological effects of feeding itself have never been elucidated...

BACKGROUND: Chronic lumbar radiculopathy has a lifetime prevalence of 5.3% in men and 3.7% in women. It usually resolves spontaneously, but up to 30% cases will have pronounced symptoms even after one year. AIMS: A prospective randomized single-blind study was conducted to compare the efficacy of caudal epidural steroid injection and selective nerve root block in management of pain and disability in cases of lumbar disc herniation. METHODS: Eighty patients with confirmed single-level lumbar disc herniation were equally divided in two groups: (a) caudal epidural and (b) selective nerve root block group, by a computer-generated random allocation method...

Large size of individual offspring is routinely selected for in highly competitive environments, such as in low-predation populations of the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Large guppy offspring outcompete their smaller conspecifics, but the functional mechanisms underlying this advantage are unknown. We measured jaw kinematics during benthic feeding and cranial musculoskeletal morphologies in neonates and juveniles from five populations of Trinidadian guppy and found that both kinematics and morphologies vary substantially with neonatal size...

A "dorsal spinal arachnoid web" is the thickened arachnoid band on the surface of the spinal cord which disturbs the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, known as a rare cause of thoracic myelopathy. The ideal treatment is controversial because of the risk of readhesion after simple resection of the web. A subarachnoid-subarachnoid bypass is a method to reestablish CSF flow through a silicon tube between the cranial and caudal subarachnoid space. This method is reported to be useful for traumatic syringomyelia, adhesive arachnoiditis, etc...

Stenotic nares, edematous intranasal turbinates, mucosal swelling, and an elongated, thickened soft palate are common sources of airflow resistance for dogs with brachycephalic airway syndrome. Surgery has focused on enlarging the nasal apertures and reducing tissue of the soft palate. However, objective measures of surgical efficacy are lacking. Twenty-one English bulldogs without previous surgery were recruited for this prospective, pilot study. Computed tomography was performed using conscious sedation and without endotracheal intubation using a 128 multidetector computed tomography scanner...

A wild young male red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was found in the mountainous hinterland of Rome (Italy) with a heavily depressed mental status and unresponsive to the surrounding environment. Neurological examination revealed depression, left circling, right head tilt, ventromedial positional strabismus and decreased postural reactions on the left side. Neurological abnormalities were suggestive of central vestibular syndrome. Two consecutive MRIs performed with 30 days interval were compatible with lacunar ischemic infarct in the territory of right caudal cerebral artery and its collateral branches...

BACKGROUND: The septal extension graft (SEG) is widely used in secondary rhinoplasty for correction of a short nose with loss of tip support and projection, columellar retraction, and hyper-rotated tip secondary to an overresection of the caudal septum. Although SEG precise fixation can be relatively easy in the external approach, the difficulties of SEG placement in "closed" rhinoplasty can be discouraging. OBJECTIVE: To describe an easy surgical technique for SEG placement in endonasal revision rhinoplasty and to analyze the aesthetic results of the procedure...

Curing spinal cord injury (SCI) in mammals is a daunting task because of the lack of permissive mechanisms and strong inhibitory responses at and around the lesion. The neural cell adhesion molecule L1CAM (L1) has been shown to favor axonal regrowth and enhance neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity, and thus constitutes a viable target to promote regeneration after SCI. Since delivery of full-length L1 or its extracellular domain could encounter difficulties in translation to therapy in humans, we have identified several small organic compounds that bind to L1 and stimulate neuronal survival, neuronal migration, and neurite outgrowth in an L1-dependent manner...

Early extubation is increasingly common in congenital heart surgery, but there are limited outcomes data across the spectrum of case complexity. We performed a retrospective review of 201 pediatric operations using cardiopulmonary bypass between 2012 and 2014. Patients extubated in the operating room or immediately on arrival to the ICU were compared to those extubated by traditional protocols. In-hospital mortality, major complications, need for re-intubation, hospital length of stay, and chest-tube days were compared between groups and by Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery Congenital Heart Surgery (STAT) mortality category...

The behavior of visceral endoderm cells was examined as the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) formed from the distal visceral endoderm (DVE) using the mouse lines R26-H2B-EGFP and R26-PHA7-EGFP to visualize cell nuclei and adherens junction, respectively. The analysis using R26-H2B-EGFP demonstrated global cell rearrangement that was not specific to the DVE cells in the monolayer embryonic visceral endoderm sheet; each population of the endoderm cells moved collectively in a swirling movement as a whole. Most of the AVE cells at E6...

BACKGROUND: In vertebrate embryos, a "segmentation clock" times somitogenesis. Clock-linked genes, including Lunatic fringe (Lfng), exhibit cyclic expression in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM), with a period matching the rate of somite formation. The clock period varies widely across species, but the mechanisms that underlie this variability are not clear. The half-lives of clock components are proposed to influence the rate of clock oscillations, and are tightly regulated in the PSM. Interactions between Lfng and mir-125a-5p in the embryonic chicken PSM promote Lfng transcript instability, but the conservation of this mechanism in other vertebrates has not been tested...