Skeletal review

BACKGROUND: Elastic band exercises can improve bone density, muscle quality, and body fat in elderly patients with Sarcopenic Obesity Syndrome (SOS), a common diagnosis. Encouraging this exercise can bring significant benefits. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search until April 1, 2023, covering UpToDate, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The analysis focused on osteosarcopenic obesity and resistance training, involving four randomized controlled trials with 108 participants...

Prostate cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the world. There have been significant advances in chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy options for patients with castrate-resistant disease. However, these systemic treatments are often associated with unwanted toxicities. Targeted therapy with radiopharmaceuticals has become of key interest to limit systemic toxicity and provides a more precision oncology approach to treatment. Strontium-89, Samarium-153 EDTMP and Radium-223 have been trialled with mixed results...

Skeletal modeling in childhood and adolescence and continuous remodeling throughout the lifespan are designed to adapt to a changing environment and resist external forces and fractures. The flux of sex steroids in men and women, beginning from fetal development and evolving through infancy, childhood, puberty, young adulthood, peri/menopause transition, and post-menopause, is critical for bone size, peak bone mass, and the risk for fractures. The contributions of estrogen and testosterone on skeletal development have been difficult to study due to the reciprocal and intertwining contributions of one on the other...

Meat derived from skeletal muscles of animals is a highly nutritious type of food, and different meat types differ in nutritional, sensory, and quality properties. This study was conducted to compare the results of previous studies on the muscle fiber characteristics of major porcine skeletal muscles to the end of providing basic data for understanding differences in physicochemical and nutritional properties between different porcine muscle types (or meat cuts). Specifically, the muscle fiber characteristics between 19 major porcine skeletal muscles were compared...

Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome (SWS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by bowing of long bones, dysautonomia, temperature dysregulation, swallowing and feeding difficulties, and frequent respiratory infections. Respiratory distress and hyperthermic events are the leading causes of early neonatal death, and most patients are not expected to survive past infancy. Here, we report on the survival of a 5-year-old male with SWS, discussing his case presentation, providing a brief clinical course, and discussing the outcome...

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants cause a range of diseases from severe pediatric syndromes to aging-related conditions. The percentage of mtDNA copies carrying a pathogenic variant, variant allele frequency (VAF), must reach a threshold before a biochemical defect occurs, termed the biochemical threshold. Whether the often-cited biochemical threshold of >60% VAF is similar across mtDNA variants and cell types is unclear. In our systematic review, we sought to identify the biochemical threshold of mtDNA variants in relation to VAF by human tissue/cell type...

150 years ago, on March 1, 1874, Prof. Dr. Alban Köhler, pioneer in X-ray diagnostics and Co-founder of the German Radiological Society, was born. His memoirs "Röntgenarztes Erdenwallen", an extraordinarily personal, interesting and humorous autobiography of a contemporary witness from the early days of the X-ray era, will be used to commemorate him. This work also focuses on his outstanding X-ray books on skeletal diseases and standard variants.

Ageing is associated with widespread physiological changes prominent within all tissues, including skeletal muscle and the brain, which lead to a decline in physical function. To tackle the growing health and economic burdens associated with an ageing population, the concept of healthy ageing has become a major research priority. Changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial characteristics have been suggested to make an important contribution to the reductions in skeletal muscle function with age, and age-related changes in mitochondrial content, respiratory function, morphology, and mitochondrial DNA have previously been reported...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes evidence on osteocyte support of extramedullary and bone marrow adipocyte development and discusses the role of endogenous osteocyte activities of nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and alpha (PPARA) in this support. RECENT FINDINGS: PPARG and PPARA proteins, key regulators of glucose and fatty acid metabolism, are highly expressed in osteocytes. They play significant roles in the regulation of osteocyte secretome and osteocyte bioenergetics; both activities contributing to the levels of systemic energy metabolism in part through an effect on metabolic function of extramedullary and bone marrow adipocytes...

Myosteatosis is highly prevalent in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and could reciprocally impact liver function. Decreasing muscle fat could be indirectly hepatoprotective in MASLD. We conducted a review to identify interventions reducing myosteatosis and their impact on liver function. Non-pharmacological interventions included diet (caloric restriction or lipid enrichment), bariatric surgery and physical activity. Caloric restriction in humans achieving a mean weight loss of 3% only reduces muscle fat...

The purpose of orthodontic therapy is to correct malocclusion and produce a stable outcome that endures over time. Long-term stability can be difficult to achieve, and many patients relapse after treatment, particularly in instances of open bite relapse (OBR). This systematic review aimed to analyze different types of management strategies for OBR and conduct a meta-analysis to find the best method of dealing with relapse. A comprehensive search was carried out across six major online databases using relevant keywords pertaining to our study, including "open bite relapse," "orthodontic retention," "orthodontic surgery," "orthodontic appliance," "orthodontic management," "orthodontic treatment," "orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT)," "skeletal anchorage," and "treatment follow-up period...

INTRODUCTION: Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (PILA) is an exceptionally rare metastasizing soft tissue tumor. It tends to arise in the subcutaneous tissues of distal extremities in children. Only four intraosseous PILA cases have been reported until now in English language literature. CASE REPORT: We present a case of PILA arising in the distal femoral epiphysis of a 50-year-old female patient. It started as a relentless pain in her left knee. A plain radiography revealed a radiolucent area in the left internal femoral condyle...

PURPOSE: The skeletal survey X-ray series is the current 'gold standard' when investigating suspected physical abuse (SPA) of children, in addition to a non-contrast computed tomography (CT) brain scan. This systematic literature review synthesised findings of published research to determine if low dose computed tomography (LDCT) could detect subtle fractures and therefore replace the skeletal survey X-ray series in the investigation of SPA in children aged under 3 years. METHODS: Five electronic databases and grey literature were systematically searched from their inception to 28 April 2022...

This scoping review investigated the evidence on the three-dimensional analysis of a posed smile in adults to discover any research gaps in this research area. Electronic searches of articles written in English were performed using the four databases of Embase, PubMed, Springer, and Web of Science with publications from 2010 to 2023. Reference lists were also manually searched to identify additional studies. The results showed that 13 cross-sectional descriptive studies from Asia, Europe, North and South America met our inclusion criteria...

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance is a major etiological factor in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Endothelial dysfunction may precede impairments in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, thereby making it a key feature in development of CVD. However, the mechanism by which vascular tissue becomes dysfunctional is not clear. SUMMARY: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential mediators of insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction...

Dysferlin is a 237 kDa membrane-associated protein characterised by multiple C2 domains with a diverse role in skeletal and cardiac muscle physiology. Mutations in DYSF are known to cause various types of human muscular dystrophies, known collectively as dysferlinopathies, with some patients developing cardiomyopathy. A myriad of in vitro membrane repair studies suggest that dysferlin plays an integral role in the membrane repair complex in skeletal muscle. In comparison, less is known about dysferlin in the heart, but mounting evidence suggests that dysferlin's role is similar in both muscle types...

Bone remodeling is the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are associated with imbalanced bone remodeling. Skeletal injury leads to limited motor function and pain. Neurophilin was initially identified in axons, and its various ligands and roles in bone remodeling， angiogenesis, neuropathic pain and immune regulation were later discovered. Neurophilin promotes osteoblast mineralization and inhibits osteoclast differentiation and its function...

INTRODUCTION: Transient hypercalcaemia due to teriparatide occurs in up to 11% of patients though delayed hypercalcaemia (> 24 h post injection) is rare. We report the case of a female who developed significant delayed hypercalcaemia after teriparatide treatment for osteoporosis and review other cases in the literature to date. CASE REPORT: A 72-year-old female on teriparatide for the treatment of osteoporosis was found to have hypercalcaemia (3.30 mmol/l) on routine testing approximately 3 months after starting therapy...

BACKGROUND: We aimed to identify the impact of muscle mass on locally advanced oesophageal cancer (LAEC) in elderly patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NACRT). METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 345 patients diagnosed with LAEC who underwent NACRT and surgery. Physical variables, including height, weight, skeletal muscle mass, and laboratory values, were obtained before and after NACRT. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2 ), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were calculated as height/(weight)2 , ANC/ALC, platelet count/ALC, and (10 × albumin + 0...

Ionic channels are present in eucaryotic plasma and intracellular membranes. They coordinate and control several functions. Potassium channels belong to the most diverse family of ionic channels that includes ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels in the potassium rectifier channel subfamily. These channels were initially described in heart muscle and then in other tissues such as pancreatic, skeletal muscle, brain, and vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle tissues. In pancreatic beta cells, KATP channels are primarily responsible for maintaining the membrane potential and for depolarization-mediated insulin release, and their decreased density and activity may be related to insulin resistance...