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T Assegaai, G Reagon, H Schneider
BACKGROUND: North West Province (NWP), South Africa, was an early adopter of the primary healthcare (PHC) ward-based outreach team (WBOT) strategy and has made considerable progress in implementing it. Given the interest in and expectations of greater investment in WBOTs, assessing their impact on and contribution to PHC outputs and health outcomes is becoming increasingly important. OBJECTIVES: To describe the application of a plausibility evaluation design for assessing the contribution of WBOTs to PHC performance in NWP, comparing changes in coverage, utilisation and outcome indicators in facilities with and without WBOTs...
March 28, 2018: South African Medical Journal, Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde
#2
Mejbah Uddin Bhuiyan, Thomas L Snelling, Rachel West, Jurissa Lang, Tasmina Rahman, Meredith L Borland, Ruth Thornton, Lea-Ann Kirkham, Chisha Sikazwe, Andrew C Martin, Peter C Richmond, David W Smith, Adam Jaffe, Christopher C Blyth
INTRODUCTION: Pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. Introduction of the conjugate Haemophilus influenzae B and multivalent pneumococcal vaccines in developed countries including Australia has significantly reduced the overall burden of bacterial pneumonia. With the availability of molecular diagnostics, viruses are frequently detected in children with pneumonia either as primary pathogens or predispose to secondary bacterial infection. Many respiratory pathogens that are known to cause pneumonia are also identified in asymptomatic children, so the true contribution of these pathogens to childhood community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains unclear...
March 16, 2018: BMJ Open
#3
Fernando A Moraga-Llop
Human papilloma virus (HPV) was first identified in dermatology, and it was subsequently demonstrated that is was required for the development of uterine cervical cancer and other tumours, after a persistent infection by any of its oncogenic genotypes. Ten years ago, the most common infections and cancers associated with HPV could be prevented by immunisation with 2vaccines, one bivalent, and another tetravalent, and having just marketed a nonavalent one. During the period 2007-2008, the HPV vaccine was included in the Autonomous Communities vaccination calendar, and it is the second vaccine, after that of Hepatitis B, that prevents cancer...
February 7, 2018: Anales de Pediatría: Publicación Oficial de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (A.E.P.)
#4
N Fournet, L Mollema, W L Ruijs, I A Harmsen, F Keck, J Y Durand, M P Cunha, M Wamsiedel, R Reis, J French, E G Smit, A Kitching, J E van Steenbergen
BACKGROUND: Despite effective national immunisation programmes in Europe, some groups remain incompletely or un-vaccinated ('under-vaccinated'), with underserved minorities and certain religious/ideological groups repeatedly being involved in outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases (VPD). Gaining insight into factors regarding acceptance of vaccination of 'under-vaccinated groups' (UVGs) might give opportunities to communicate with them in a trusty and reliable manner that respects their belief system and that, maybe, increase vaccination uptake...
January 30, 2018: BMC Public Health
#5
Jessica C Costa-Pinto, Harold W Willaby, Julie Leask, Monsurul Hoq, Tibor Schuster, Alice Ghazarian, Jacinta O'Keefe, Margie H Danchin
AIM: Despite Australia's high vaccination rates, an estimated 3.3% of children are under-vaccinated due to vaccine refusal and the proportion of parents with concerns is unclear. Amongst Australian parents, we aimed to determine the prevalence of vaccine concerns, resources and health-care providers (HCPs) accessed and satisfaction with these resources in two different settings. We also aimed to identify relationships between the level of vaccine concern, socio-economic status and vaccine uptake...
November 23, 2017: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
#6
Sebastian Taylor, Mahmud Khan, Ado Muhammad, Okey Akpala, Marit van Strien, Chris Morry, Warren Feek, Ellyn Ogden
BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy constitutes a major threat to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), and to further expansion of routine immunisation. Understanding hesitancy, leading in some cases to refusal, is vital to the success of GPEI. Re-emergence of circulating wild poliovirus in northern Nigeria in mid-2016, after 24months polio-free, gives urgency to this. But it is equally important to protect and sustain the global gains available through routine immunisation in a time of rising scepticism and potential rejection of specific vaccines or immunisation more generally...
November 7, 2017: Vaccine
#7
Nadia A Charania, Diana Murfitt, Nikki Turner
Influenza continues to be a global public health problem despite the availability of preventive vaccines and public health vaccination programmes. This paper presents a synopsis of the 3rd New Zealand Influenza Symposium (NZiS) that was hosted by the Immunisation Advisory Centre (IMAC) in November 2016. Experts and service providers convened to discuss current issues in the prevention and management of influenza. One of the key topics discussed was the use of novel vaccines, such as adjuvanted and high-dose vaccines, and antiviral prophylaxis to protect young children and the elderly...
September 22, 2017: New Zealand Medical Journal
#8
Nienke M Scheltema, Angela Gentile, Florencia Lucion, D James Nokes, Patrick K Munywoki, Shabir A Madhi, Michelle J Groome, Cheryl Cohen, Jocelyn Moyes, Kentigern Thorburn, Somsak Thamthitiwat, Hitoshi Oshitani, Socorro P Lupisan, Aubree Gordon, José F Sánchez, Katherine L O'Brien, Bradford D Gessner, Agustinus Sutanto, Asuncion Mejias, Octavio Ramilo, Najwa Khuri-Bulos, Natasha Halasa, Fernanda de-Paris, Márcia Rosane Pires, Michael C Spaeder, Bosco A Paes, Eric A F Simões, Ting F Leung, Maria Tereza da Costa Oliveira, Carla Cecília de Freitas Lázaro Emediato, Quique Bassat, Warwick Butt, Hsin Chi, Uzma Bashir Aamir, Asad Ali, Marilla G Lucero, Rodrigo A Fasce, Olga Lopez, Barbara A Rath, Fernando P Polack, Jesse Papenburg, Srđan Roglić, Hisato Ito, Edward A Goka, Diederick E Grobbee, Harish Nair, Louis J Bont
BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an important cause of pneumonia mortality in young children. However, clinical data for fatal RSV infection are scarce. We aimed to identify clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of children aged younger than 5 years with RSV-related mortality using individual patient data. METHODS: In this retrospective case series, we developed an online questionnaire to obtain individual patient data for clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of children aged younger than 5 years who died with community-acquired RSV infection between Jan 1, 1995, and Oct 31, 2015, through leading research groups for child pneumonia identified through a comprehensive literature search and existing research networks...
October 2017: Lancet Global Health
#9
Andrea Orsi, Giuseppina Maria Elena Colomba, Fanny Pojero, Giuseppe Calamusa, Cristiano Alicino, Cecilia Trucchi, Paola Canepa, Filippo Ansaldi, Francesco Vitale, Fabio Tramuto
Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for respiratory infections, representing globally seasonal threats to human health. The 2 viral types often co-circulate and influenza B plays an important role in the spread of infection. A 6-year retrospective surveillance study was conducted between 2010 and 2016 in 2 large administrative regions of Italy, located in the north (Liguria) and in the south (Sicily) of the country, to describe the burden and epidemiology of both B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages in different healthcare settings...
July 14, 2017: Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
#10
S Dirmesropian, J G Wood, C R MacIntyre, P Beutels, P McIntyre, R Menzies, J F Reyes, C Chen, A T Newall
BACKGROUND: The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) has been funded under the Australia National Immunisation Program (NIP) since January 2005 for those aged >65years and other risk groups. In 2016, PCV13 was accepted by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) as a replacement for a single dose of PPV23 in older Australian adults. METHODS: A single-cohort deterministic multi-compartment (Markov) model was developed describing the transition of the population between different invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease related health states...
August 3, 2017: Vaccine
#11
Andria Stylianou, Christoforos Hadjichrysanthou, James E Truscott, Roy M Anderson
BACKGROUND: There is currently no vaccine available to protect humans against infection with the schistosome digenean parasites, although candidate formulations for Schistosoma mansoni are under trial in animal models, including rodents and primates. Current strategies for the control of infection are based on mass drug administration (MDA) targeted at school-aged children of age 5 to 14 years. This approach is unlikely to eliminate exposure to infection except in settings with very low levels of transmission...
June 17, 2017: Parasites & Vectors
#12
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Muhammad Atif Habib, Sajid Soofi, Simon Cousens, Saeed Anwar, Najib Ul Haque, Imran Ahmed, Noshad Ali, Rehman Tahir, Zulfiqar A Bhutta
BACKGROUND: Pakistan faces huge challenges in eradicating polio due to widespread poliovirus transmission and security challenges. Innovative interventions are urgently needed to strengthen community buy-in, to increase the coverage of oral polio vaccine (OPV) and other routine immunisations, and to enhance immunity through the introduction of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in combination with OPV. We aimed to evaluate the acceptability and effect on immunisation coverage of an integrated strategy for community engagement and maternal and child health immunisation campaigns in insecure and conflict-affected polio-endemic districts of Pakistan...
June 2017: Lancet Global Health
#13
Alex Keenan, Sam Ghebrehewet, Roberto Vivancos, Dan Seddon, Peter MacPherson, Daniel Hungerford
OBJECTIVES: There was a large outbreak of measles in Liverpool, UK, in 2012-2013, despite measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunisation uptake rates that were higher than the national average. We estimated measles susceptibility of a cohort of children born in Liverpool between 1995 and 2012 to understand whether there was a change in susceptibility before and after the outbreak and to inform vaccination strategy. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The city of Liverpool, North West UK...
March 30, 2017: BMJ Open
#14
REVIEW
Claire Hooker, Adam Capon, Julie Leask
In this article, we summarise research that identifies best practice for communicating about hazards where the risk is low but public concern is high. We apply Peter Sandman's 'risk = hazard + outrage' formulation to these risks, and review factors associated with the amplification of risk signals. We discuss the structures that determine the success of risk communication strategies, such as the capacity for early communication to 'capture' the dominant representation of risk issues, the importance of communicating uncertainty, and the usefulness of engaging with communities...
January 15, 2017: Public Health Research & Practice
#15
Nina J Berry, Alexandra Henry, Margie Danchin, Lyndal J Trevena, Harold W Willaby, Julie Leask
BACKGROUND: Increasingly, the experiences and perceptions of parents who decline vaccination are the subject of investigation. However, the experiences of clinicians who encounter these parents in the course of their work has received little academic attention to date. This study aimed to understand the challenges faced and strategies used when general practitioners and immunising nurses encounter parents who choose not to vaccinate their children. METHODS: Primary care providers were recruited from regions identified through the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR) as having higher than national average rates of registered objection to childhood vaccination...
January 17, 2017: BMC Pediatrics
#16
David Moreno-Pérez, Francisco José Álvarez García, Javier Arístegui Fernández, María José Cilleruelo Ortega, José María Corretger Rauet, Nuria García Sánchez, Ángel Hernández Merino, Teresa Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, Manuel Merino Moína, Luis Ortigosa Del Castillo, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras
The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV- AEP) annually publishes the immunisation schedule which, in our opinion, is considered optimal for children resident in Spain, taking into account the evidence available on current vaccines. Pneumococcal and varicella immunisation in early childhood is already included in all funded vaccines present in the regional immunisation programmes. Furthermore, this committee establishes recommendations on vaccines not included in official calendars (non-funded immunisations), such as rotavirus, meningococcal B, and meningococcal ACWY...
February 2017: Anales de Pediatría: Publicación Oficial de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (A.E.P.)
#17
Yolanda G Lovie-Toon, Kerry K Hall, Anne B Chang, Jennie Anderson, Kerry-Ann F O'Grady
BACKGROUND: To evaluate immunisation coverage, timeliness and predictors of delayed receipt in urban Australian Indigenous children during the first 18 months of life. METHODS: Cross-sectional retrospective analysis of data collected from 140 Australian Indigenous children aged < 5 years at the time of enrolment in a prospective cohort study on respiratory illness between 14 February 2013 and 28 January 2015. Children were recruited through an urban community primary health care centre in the Northern suburbs of Brisbane, Queensland...
November 14, 2016: BMC Public Health
#18
María Isabel Fernández-Cano, Xavier Espada-Trespalacios, Azahara Reyes-Lacalle, Josep Maria Manresa Domínguez, Lluís Armadans-Gil, Magda Campins-Martí, Gemma Falguera-Puig, Pere Toran Monserrat
INTRODUCTION: The re-emergence of pertussis and the severity of its complications in infants younger than 3 months, were determining factors for starting a vaccination program for pregnant women in the third trimester of gestation in Catalonia in February 2014. This was the first autonomous community to introduce it in Spain. The aim of the study was to estimate the coverage of the program in its first year of implementation. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the data from the Primary Care Centre computerised medical records of pregnant women attending Sexual and Reproductive Health Care centres of the Metropolitan Nord area of the province of Barcelona, part of the Catalan Institute of Health...
October 18, 2016: Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
#19
REVIEW
Shoaib Fahad Hussain, Peter Boyle, Preeti Patel, Richard Sullivan
Since the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988 the global incidence of poliomyelitis has fallen by nearly 99 %. From a situation where wild type poliovirus was endemic in 125 countries across five continents, transmission is now limited to regions of just three countries - Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria. A sharp increase in Pakistan's poliomyelitis cases in 2014 prompted the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee to declare the situation a 'public health emergency of international concern'...
October 12, 2016: Globalization and Health
#20
Esther van Kleef, Sarah R Deeny, Mark Jit, Barry Cookson, Simon D Goldenberg, W John Edmunds, Julie V Robotham
BACKGROUND: Early clinical trials of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine show efficacy in preventing C. difficile infection (CDI). The optimal patient group to target for vaccination programmes remains unexplored. This study performed a model-based evaluation of the effectiveness of different CDI vaccination strategies, within the context of existing infection prevention and control strategies such as antimicrobial stewardship. METHODS: An individual-based transmission model of CDI in a high-risk hospital setting was developed...
November 4, 2016: Vaccine
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