Clonodine

OBJECTıVE: The objective of this randomized double blind study was to evaluate effect of the premedication with oral clonidine on blood pressure, cleaning of surgical site and bleeding in the ESS performed due to advanced NP. METHODS: A total of 52 patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) due to Kennedy grade 4 nasal polyposis (NP) were included. Patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1 (n=26) received 0.2mg oral clonodine one hour before the operation in addition to standard anesthesia procedure...

1. Neuraxial opioids are considered for use in patients who have resistant intractable pain that fails to respond to other treatment options or pain that responds to analgesia but for which the doses required result in unacceptable side-effects. 2. Neuraxial opiods can be considered for both chronic non-malignant pain and chronic cancer-related pain. 3. Effectiveness in chronic non-malignant pain and cancer pain is exerted through the use of either single-agent drugs (opioids) or a combination of drugs: opioids, local anaesthetics and other drugs such as clonodine and ziconotide...

The introduction of government-mandated standards for pain management has focused our attention on postoperative pain. With the recent JACHO standards' for ambulatory surgery, it is imperative that all health care workers who care for these patients are familiar with appropriate pain management. Developments in our understanding of the pathophysiology of acute pain have further enhanced our ability to improve pain management for postoperative ambulatory patients. This has led to the concept of preventive analgesia (inhibition of physiological and pathological secondary inflammatory pain)...

Five healthy male subjects, aged 26 to 35 yr, received single oral doses of clonidine 0.3 mg, nitrazepam 20 mg, or placebo double-blind with an interval of at least 1 wk between each treatment. Clonodine induced a maximal fall in systo9lic blood pressure from 104.2 +/- 1.6 to 84.7 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) after 3.5 hr and nitrazepam from 102.9 +/- 1.9 to 90.3 +/- 2.6 mm Hg after 1.0 hr while after placebo blood pressure rose steadily from 102.5 +/- 2.9 to 109.6 +/- 3.5 mm Hg at the end of the 8-hr study...

Most research on the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs and repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS) has focussed on changes in monoamine chemistry and function. Most antidepressant treatments, on repeated administration, decrease the number of beta-adrenoceptors in the cortex, a change which does not occur if 5-HT pathways to the cortex are lesioned, suggesting that 5-HT neurones play a permissive role in the change and high-lighting the complex neurotransmitter interactions that are present. Several drugs and electroconvulsive shock also attenuate the function of alpha 2-adrenoceptors (shown both by the sedation response and change in MOPEG-SO4 that occurs after injection of clonodine)...