microenviroment

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain cancer that currently has minimally effective treatments. Like other cancers, immunosuppression by the PD-L1-PD-1 immune checkpoint complex is a prominent axis by which glioma cells evade the immune system. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are recruited to the glioma microenviroment, also contribute to the immunosuppressed GBM microenvironment by suppressing T cell functions. In this paper, we propose a GBM-specific tumor-immune ordinary differential equations model of glioma cells, T cells, and MDSCs to provide theoretical insights into the interactions between these cells...

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is associated with a worse prognosis than other histological subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer. Due to the vital role of CD8+ T cells in anti-tumor immunity, the characterization of CD8+ T cell infiltration-related (CTLIR) gene signature in LUSC is worthy of in-depth exploration. In our study, tumor tissues of LUSC patients from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University were stained by multiplex immunohistochemistry to evaluate the density of infiltrated CD8+ T cells and explore the correlation with immunotherapy response...

Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most metastatic and aggressive form of skin cancer, and carries a high risk of death. Immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy and molecular-targeted therapy can prolong the survival of patients with advanced MM significantly. However, the low response rate and inevitable drug resistance prevent further improvements in efficacy, which is closely related to the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME refers to the tumor stroma, including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, immune cells, soluble molecules, and extracellular matrix (ECM)...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the most studied forms of immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The Cancer Genome Map (TCGA) and METABRIC project provide large-scale cancer samples that can be used for comprehensive and reliable immunity-related gene research. METHODS: We analyzed data from TCGA and METABRIC and established an immunity-related gene prognosis model for breast cancer. The SDC1 expression in tumor and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was then observed in 282 TNBC patients by immunohistochemistry...

Oncogenesis and the development of tumors affect metabolism throughout the body. Metabolic reprogramming (also known as metabolic remodeling) is a feature of malignant tumors that is driven by oncogenic changes in the cancer cells themselves as well as by cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. These include endothelial cells, matrix fibroblasts, immune cells, and malignant tumor cells. The heterogeneity of mutant clones is affected by the actions of other cells in the tumor and by metabolites and cytokines in the microenvironment...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

One of the key challenges for successful cancer therapy is the capacity of tumors to evade immune surveillance. Tumor immune evasion can be accomplished through the induction of T cell exhaustion via the activation of various immune checkpoint molecules. The most prominent examples of immune checkpoints are PD-1 and CTLA-4. Meanwhile, several other immune checkpoint molecules have since been identified. One of these is the T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), which was first described in 2009. Interestingly, many studies have established a synergistic reciprocity between TIGIT and PD-1...

Tumor secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potent intercellular signaling platforms. They are responsible for the accommodation of the pre-metastatic niche (PMN) to support cancer cell engraftment and metastatic growth. However, complex cancer cell composition within the tumor increases also the heterogeneity among cancer secreted EVs subsets, a functional diversity that has been poorly explored. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in highly plastic and heterogenous Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), in which a significant representation of malignant cancer stem cells (CSCs) is displayed...

BACKGROUND: Periodontal regeneration, treatment of periodontal-related diseases and improving the function of implants are global therapeutic challenges. The differentiation of human stem cells from apical papilla into cementoblasts may provide a strategy for periodontitis treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the differentiation of primary human stem cells apical papilla (hSCAPs) to cementoblast cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: SCAPs cells were isolated from human third molar and then incubated for 21 days in a differentiation microenvironment...

Positron emission tomography (PET) has been proven as an important technology to detect the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) non-invasively and in real time. As a PD-L1 inhibitor, small peptide WL12 has shown great potential in serving as a targeting molecule to guide PD-L1 blockade therapy in clinic. In this study, WL12 was modified with HBED-CC to label 68 Ga in a modified procedure, and the biologic properties were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. 68 Ga-HBED-CC-WL12 showed good stability in saline and can specifically target PD-L1-positive cells U87MG and PANC02...

Pituitary tumors are rare neoplasms, with a heterogeneous biological and clinical behavior, due to their clinical course, local invasive growth, resistance to conventional therapies and the risk of disease progression. Recent studies on tumor microenvironment (TME) provided new knowledge on the biology of these neoplasia, that may explain the different phenotypes of these tumors and suggest new biomarkers able to predict the prognosis and the treatment outcome. The identification of molecular markers that act as targets for biological therapies may open new perspectives in the medical treatments of aggressive pituitary tumors...

The performance of continuous-flow CO2 electrolyzers has substantially increased in recent years, achieving current density and selectivity (particularly for CO production) meeting the industrial targets. Further improvement is, however, necessary in terms of stability and energy efficiency, as well as in high-value multicarbon product formation. Accelerating this process requires deeper understanding of the complex interplay of chemical-physical processes taking place in CO2 electrolyzer cells. Operando characterization can provide these insights under working conditions, helping to identify the reasons for performance losses...

PURPOSE: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor in adults with a median overall survival of only 14.6 months despite aggressive treatment. While immunotherapy has been successful in other cancers, its benefit has been proven elusive in GBM, mainly due to a markedly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with the development of a pronounced central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response when infecting different cells including astrocytes, endothelial cells, and microglia...

OBJECTIVE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) microenvironment has been recognized as a key contributor for cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. The crosstalk between tumor cells, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) signaling networks mediates immunoinhibitory impact and facilitates tumor angiogenesis. The current investigation aimed at exploring the potent anti-cancer activity of the newly designed nano-based anti-cancer therapy comprising anti-VEGF drug, avastin (AV), and CCR2 antagonist (CR) to counteract HCC and tracking its mode of action in vivo...

Persistent allergies affect the quality of life of patients and increase economic burdens. Many clinical observations indicate the presence of IgE+ long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), which account for the persistent secretion of specific IgE; however, the characteristics of the IgE+ LLPCs have yet to be identified clearly. In this review, we summarized the generation of IgE+ PCs, discussed the prosurvival factors in the microenvironment, and reviewed the unique IgE-BCR signaling, which may bring insights into understanding the survival mechanisms of IgE+ LLPCs...

BACKGROUND: Colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD) is one of the most common malignancies and angiogenesis is vital to the development of cancer. Here, we explored the roles of angiogenesis-related genes (ARGs) that affect the prognosis of COAD and constructed risk models to assess patient prognosis, immune characteristics, and treatment outcomes. METHODS: We comprehensively characterized the transcriptional and genetic modifications of 48 ARGs in COAD and evaluated the expression patterns...

OBJECTIVE: We intended to identify the potential key biomarker and pathways that correlated with infiltrating immune cells during the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms (IA), to develop a diagnostic model, and to predict therapeutic drugs. METHODS: Three datasets containing intracranial aneurysm tissue samples and normal artery control samples from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were included. Gene-set variation analysis(GSVA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were conducted to find the significant differentially expressed pathways in IA formation...

Epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ( ERBB2 ) is commonly over-expressed in advanced or metastatic tissues of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) with poor prognosis, while it remains unknown whether ERBB2 plays a role in the progression of PTC. Thus, we analyzed the data derived from online repositories, including TCGA, KEGG, GO, GeneMANIA, and STRING, to explore the relationship between ERBB2 expression and prognosis, tumor phenotypes of interest, and immune infiltrates in PTC. Compared to normal thyroid tissue, ERBB2 was up-regulated in PTC samples ( p < 0...

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in gene regulation that controls stem cells differentiation. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) could differentiate into osteo-/cementoblast-like cells that secretes cementum-like matrix both in vitro and in vivo. Whether miRNAs play key roles in osteoblastic differentiation of PDLSCs triggered by a special microenviroment remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate potential miRNA expression changes in osteoblastic differentiation of PDLSCs by the induction of apical tooth germ cell-conditioned medium (APTG-CM)...