end tidal expired co2

BACKGROUND: Mask-wearing caused significant reductions in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. We aimed to determine whether face mask-wearing during exercise caused reductions in peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) and whether it affected secondary physiological measures [end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2 ), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), expired breath temperature (EBT)]. Subjective measurements included ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), ratings of perceived breathlessness (RPB), and symptomology...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The use of a face mask while inducing general anaesthesia (GA) in obese patients is often ineffective in providing adequate ventilation. Although nasal mask ventilation has demonstrated effectiveness for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), it has not yet been applied to the induction of anaesthesia. This study evaluated the efficacy of nasal mask ventilation against standard face mask ventilation in anaesthetised obese patients with body mass index (BMI)>25 kg/m2 ...

This study aimed to compare the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in green iguanas using electrical stimulation and tail clamping as noxious stimuli. Seven adult green iguanas ( Iguana iguana ) weighing 580 to 1,300 g were enrolled. Each iguana was anesthetized twice after a 1-week washout period, with MAC being determined using a tail clamp (MAC<sc>t</sc>) or electrical stimulation (MAC<sc>e</sc>) techniques. After sevoflurane mask induction and endotracheal intubation, the fraction of expired sevoflurane (F<sc>e</sc>'Sevo) was maintained at 3...

Waveform capnography is a noninvasive measurement of ventilation and perfusion commonly employed in the prehospital setting. It is easy to apply, and modern cardiac monitors are equipped with the necessary ports and capability to display results. Despite its ease of use, end-tidal CO2 monitoring has not yet achieved widespread adoption within the hospital setting. It is routinely used in the emergency department and by anesthesiologists, but its application could support ICU management in critically ill patients...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the agreement between the Tafonius large animal ventilator-integrated volumetric capnography (vCap) software and the Respironics NICO noninvasive cardiac output monitor reference system. ANIMALS: Data were collected from 56 healthy adult horses undergoing general anesthesia. METHODS: Animals were placed under general anesthesia and connected to the Tafonius large animal ventilator circle system. A flow partitioning device with CO2 and flow sensors was utilized to couple the endotracheal tube to the NICO monitor...

INTRODUCTION: End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ) monitoring is essential for monitoring intubated critical care patients, yet its use in hyperbaric environments can be problematic. We postulated that the EMMA mainstream capnometer may function accurately under hyperbaric conditions. METHODS: Stage 1. The EMMA mainstream capnometer was tested at 101 kPa against a reference side-stream capnometer, Philips IntelliVue M3015B microstream, using 10 customised reference gases of various carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations (2...

Dead-space associated rebreathing of expired air and heat-trapping with use of surgical masks and N95 respirators may underlie anecdotal reports of adverse symptoms associated with medical face barriers. Limited data exists directly comparing the physiological effects of masks and respirators at rest. We assessed the short-term physiological effects of both barrier types over 60-min at rest, including face microclimate temperature, end-tidal gases, and venous blood acid-base variables. We recruited 34 participants into two trials: surgical masks (n=17) and N95 respirators (n=17)...

Background In pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) a decelerating gas flow pattern occurs during inspiration and expiration. In contrast, flow-controlled ventilation (FCV) guarantees a continuous gas flow throughout the entire ventilation cycle where the inspiration and expiration phases are simply performed by a change of gas flow direction. Aim of this trial was to highlight the effects of different flow patterns on respiratory variables and gas exchange. Methods Anesthetized pigs were ventilated with either FCV or PCV for one hour and thereafter for 30 minutes each in a cross-over comparison...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a 30% end-inspiratory pause (EIP) on alveolar tidal volume (VTalv ), airway (VDaw ) and physiological (VDphys ) dead spaces in mechanically ventilated horses using volumetric capnography, and to evaluate the effect of EIP on carbon dioxide (CO2 ) elimination per breath (Vco2 br-1 ), PaCO2, and the ratio of PaO2 -to-fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2 :FiO2 ). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective research study. ANIMALS: A group of eight healthy research horses undergoing laparotomy...

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the ability of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ) in predicting in-hospital mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission compared to standard vital signs at ED triage as well as comparing to measures of metabolic acidosis. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled adult patients presenting to the ED of a tertiary care Level I trauma center over 30 months. Patients had standard vital signs measured along with exhaled ETCO2 at triage...

Inhaled sedation was recently approved in Europe as an alternative to intravenous sedative drugs for intensive care unit (ICU) sedation. The aim of this narrative review was to summarize the available data from the literature published between 2005 and 2023 in terms of the efficacy, safety, and potential clinical benefits of inhaled sedation for ICU mechanically ventilated patients. The results indicated that inhaled sedation reduces the time to extubation and weaning from mechanical ventilation and reduces opioid and muscle relaxant consumption, thereby possibly enhancing recovery...

BACKGROUND: Mask leak and airway obstruction are common with mask ventilation in newborn infants, leading to suboptimal ventilation. We aimed to perform a pilot study measuring respiratory mechanics during one-person and two-person mask ventilation in preterm infants at birth. METHODS: Infants less than 30 weeks' gestation were eligible for the study. In the two-person method, one person holds the mask in place and the other provides positive pressure ventilation compared with the standard one-person mask hold...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Mask ventilation is one of the important skills required for successful airway management. Following the induction of general anaesthesia, there could be airway obstruction due to fall back of the tongue or soft palate. This obstruction could be overcome by manoeuvring the mandible or inserting airways. The primary objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of modified thenar eminence technique of mask ventilation in improving expired tidal volume (VTE ) over conventional thenar eminence technique and the secondary objective was to compare peak airway pressure (PMAX ) and ease of mask ventilation between the two techniques...

OBJECTIVE: To characterise the transitional pulmonary physiology of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) using measures of expiratory tidal volume (TV) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ). DESIGN: Prospective single-centre observational study. SETTING: Quaternary neonatal intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Infants with an antenatal diagnosis of CDH born at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. INTERVENTIONS: TV and ETCO2 were simultaneously recorded using a respiratory function monitor (RFM) during invasive positive pressure ventilation immediately after birth...

Background: Diaphragm movement is well correlated with inspired volume of the lung. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has less effect on respiratory functions than other sedatives. The objective of this study was to investigate diaphragmatic movement using ultrasound (US) during DEX infusion for sedation in spontaneously breathing patients undergoing unilateral upper limb surgery. Methods: A total of 33 consecutive patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were sedated using DEX with ipsilateral axillary brachial nerve plexus block...

RATIONALE: Static apnoeas performed after an overnight fast as opposed to postprandially have been evinced to improve apnoeic performance. However, no study has explored the effect of dietary intake on apnoeic performance, cardiovascular nor splenic responses over a series of repeated apnoeas. METHOD: Ten healthy adults attended the laboratory on three separate occasions (≥48-h apart) after: a 14-h fast (F14), 1-h post consumption of a high-calory-high-carbohydrate (HCHC) or a low-calory-low-carbohydrate (LCLC) based-meal...

Isocapnic hyperventilation (ICHV) is occasionally used to maintain the end-expired CO2 partial pressure (PET CO2 ) when the inspired CO2 (PI CO2 ) rises. Whether maintaining PET CO2 with ICHV during an increase of the PI CO2 also maintains arterial PCO2 (Pa CO2 ) remains poorly documented. 12 ASA PS I-II subjects undergoing a robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) (n = 11) or cystectomy (n = 1) under general endotracheal anesthesia with sevoflurane in O2 /air (40% inspired O2 ) were enrolled. PI CO2 was sequentially increased from 0 to 0...

INTRODUCTION: Noncompressible torso hemorrhage is the leading cause of exsanguination on the battlefield. A self-expanding, intraperitoneal deployed, thermoreversible foam has been developed that can be easily administered by a medic in austere settings to temporarily tamponade noncompressible torso hemorrhage. The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term safety and physical characteristics of using Fast Onset Abdominal Management (FOAM; Critical Innovations LLC) in swine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Yorkshire swine (40-60 kg) were sedated, intubated, and placed on ventilatory support...

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the repeatability of ventilatory, metabolic and biomechanical variables assessed at a large spectrum of front crawl swimming intensities. We hypothesized a strong agreement (combined with a small range of variation) between a typical step protocol performed in two experimental moments. APPROACH: Forty competitive swimmers performed a 7 x 200 m front crawl intermittent incremental protocol (0.05 m∙s-1 velocity rises and 30 s intervals) on two different occasions (48-72 h apart)...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is one of the most common clinical diagnoses globally, and dehydration in severe AGE cases can cause severe morbidity and mortality. Depending on the metabolic acidosis that occurs in dehydration, the respiratory rate per minute is increased, and the carbon dioxide pressure in the arterial blood is decreased. This condition correlates with end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2). Therefore, this study primarily aims to evaluate whether ETCO2 measurement has a role in detecting metabolic fluid deficit, dehydration level, and regression in dehydration level after fluid replacement and its correlation with Vena Cava Collapsibility Index (VCCI)...