Tariff

Leaders in green supply chains are increasingly focusing on improving strategic synergy with followers through shareholding strategies. By constructing Stackelberg models, we explore the operational mechanisms in two models, manufacturer-led and retailer-led, which have forward and backward shareholding strategies, respectively. Compared with non-shareholding models, we find that the retailer's pricing becomes more sensitive to changes in the market environment after applying shareholding strategies, while the manufacturer's pricing depends on its power status...

AIM: This paper reports the first estimation of an SF-6D value set based on the SF-12 for Spain. METHODS: A representative sample (n = 1020) of the Spanish general population valued a selection of 56 hypothetical SF-6D health states by means of a probability lottery equivalent (PLE) method. The value set was derived using both random effects and mean models estimated by ordinary least squares (OLS). The best model was chosen on the basis of its predictive ability assessed in terms of mean absolute error (MAE)...

Following global trade agreements, Asian countries have been highly aggressive in implementing free trade. These conditions will impact all sectors, including agriculture. This study aims to examine the impact of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), World Trade Organization membership (WTO), and the Doha Round implementations on agricultural producer prices in Asian countries (PPI). The study was conducted using secondary data from 1991 to 2020. The data for 28 Asian countries were analyzed using the first difference General Method of Moments (GMM)...

BACKGROUND: Hip fracture is a common musculoskeletal injury in the elderly requiring surgery worldwide. The operative mainstay of intra-capsular hip fractures is arthroplasty with a smaller proportion for fixation. AIM: To determine the most beneficial method of fixation for patients with intra-capsular hip fractures. METHODS: A registered audit from 2012-2018 was conducted on all intra-capsular hip fractures treated with 2 commonly used fixation methods...

In recent years, the phenomenon of the urban heat island caused by the rapid development of cities is very serious. To solve the problem of the urban heat island, this study proposed a PPP project consisting of the government (GOVT), photovoltaic investment company (PVIC), and residential customers (RS). Based on an evolutionary game model and combined with current policies and industry regulations in China, the evolution process and stable evolution strategies were studied. The result shows that more government subsidies, higher carbon trading prices, and feed-in tariffs will promote the development of the PPP project...

Forecasts of distributed energy resource deployment are becoming increasingly important in electric power purchase plans and difficult for countries with limited data. This study utilizes the Customer Adoption Model to forecast the deployment of behind-the-meter distributed solar photovoltaics and battery energy storage systems until the year 2050 and Thailand is used as a case study of the countries with limited data. Comparing methods and results from this study with those used in past studies shows that methodological choices can produce diverging results that shape investment plans and the estimated cost of power supplies...

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are large electricity and natural gas consumers with untapped potential to recover carbon-neutral biogas and provide energy services for the grid. Techno-economic analysis of emerging energy recovery and management technologies is critical to understanding their commercial viability, but quantifying their energy cost savings potential is stymied by a lack of well curated, nationally representative electricity and natural gas tariff data. We present a dataset of electricity tariffs for the 100 largest WWTPs in the Clean Watershed Needs Survey (CWNS) and natural gas tariffs for the 54 of 100 WWTPs with on-site cogeneration...

INTRODUCTION: Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder with a wide range of etiologies, ranging from self-limiting conditions to life-threatening diseases. Various modalities are available for the diagnosis and management of patients with LBP. However, many of these health services, known as low-value care (LVC), are unnecessary and impose undue financial costs on patients and health systems. The present study aimed to explore the perceptions of service providers regarding the facilitators and barriers to reducing LVC in the management of LBP in Iran...

African nations encounter difficulties enforcing regulations and providing incentives for using renewable energy sources. However, several nations are making efforts to encourage renewable energy through financial and tax advantages. Therefore, a shift to renewable energy is essential for African nations to experience sustainable growth and lessen environmental deterioration. Similarly, the extant literature examining green taxes' influence on renewable energy technology has documented equivocal findings. Hence, there is a need for a more thorough investigation...

Introduction The idea of an uncemented, fully coated hydroxyapatite (HA) stem was introduced almost 40 years ago, aiming to achieve a solid biological fixation by preserving natural bone activity. While many studies underline the longevity of uncemented total hip replacement (THR), NHS England's Best Practice Tariff (BPT) recommends using cemented implants in patients over the age of 69, with financial penalties when this policy is not met. At the same time, the 'paradox' of increased use of uncemented implants worldwide has been well described, with many surgeons using them regardless of the age group of the patient...

BACKGROUND: The Short Warwick and Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS) is a widely used non-preference-based measure of mental health in the UK. The primary aim of this paper is to construct an algorithm to translate the SWEMWBS scores to utilities using the Recovering Quality of Life Utility Index (ReQoL-UI) measure. METHODS: Service users experiencing mental health difficulties were recruited in two separate cross-sectional studies in the UK. The following direct mapping functions were used: Ordinary Least Square, Tobit, Generalised Linear Models...

BACKGROUND: The SF-6D index can be used to calculate quality-adjusted life years in economic evaluations, which is required by reimbursement agencies and national advisory bodies, including the Swedish ones. However, despite that SF-36 has been largely applied among patients undergoing bariatric surgery, almost no study has accessed the short form six-dimensions (SF-6D) after bariatric surgery. AIM: To establish normative values for the SF-6D index among patients undergoing bariatric surgery...

BACKGROUND: The revision knee complexity classification (RKCC) stratifies knee revision operations depending on their level of complexity from simple revisions (R1) to highly complex cases (R3). Current financial codes used for calculation of reimbursement for knee revision services provided at the Trust, rely on patients' comorbidities. However, previous research has demonstrated that this approach may not yield an accurate financial account of knee revision arthroplasty cost. This is a single centre study from a secondary and tertiary revision unit, with work previously presented by the authors demonstrating that the majority of complex revision knee replacement within the region, take place in this unit...

Demand charges are widely used for commercial and industrial consumers. These costs are often not well known, let alone the effects that PV can have on them. This work proposes a methodology to assess the effect of PV on reducing these charges and to optimise the power to be contracted, using techniques taken from exploratory data analysis. This methodology is applied to five case studies of industrial consumers from different sectors in Spain, finding savings between 5 % and 11 % of demand charges in industries with continuous operation and up to 28 % in cases of discontinuous operation...

BACKGROUND: The equitable distribution of healthcare resources represents a paramount objective in the realm of global health systems. Thus, the present study sought to assess the fairness in the allocation of health resources at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (QUMS), both prior to and subsequent to the implementation of the Health Transformation Plan (HTP) using the Gini coefficient and the Hirschman-Herfindahl index (HHI). METHODS: This descriptive-analytical study aimed to investigate the distribution of healthcare resources among general practitioners (GPs), specialists, and subspecialists employed at QUMS between 2011 and 2017...

UNLABELLED: Bronchial asthma is characterized by variable airflow obstruction, airway inflammation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to non-specific stimuli. The role of underlying airway inflammation and of related long-lasting BHR has been suboptimally investigated in teenagers with mild-to-moderate asthma, as has the corresponding economic impact over time. The aim of the present study was to calculate the cost of mild-to-moderate atopic asthma in teenagers arising from their degree of persisting BHR over a twelve-month period...

SETTING: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of premature death in Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) and in many jurisdictions globally. An NCD crisis has been declared in the Pacific and food taxation policy has been recommended to address the dietary risk factors associated with. Progress is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To systematically identify and review food taxation policy changes in PICTs. DESIGN: Food taxation polices, regarding excise taxes and tariffs applied from 2000 to 2020 in 22 PICTs, and their key characteristics, were reviewed...

BACKGROUND: Although randomized clinical trials (RCTs) demonstrated short-term benefits of endovascular therapy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with a large ischemic region, little is known about the long-term cost-effectiveness or its difference by the extent of the ischemic areas. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of EVT for AIS involving a large ischemic region from the perspective of Japanese health insurance payers, and analyze it using the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS)...

AIMS: To understand variation in the cost of autologous breast reconstruction in the UK, including identifying key areas of cost variability, differences between and within units and the impact of enhanced recovery protocols (ERAS). METHODS: A micro-costing study was designed based on the responses to a national survey of clinical preferences completed by the majority of plastic surgeons and anaesthetists involved in the UK. Detailed costs were estimated from macro elements such as ward and theatre running costs, down to that of surgical meshes, anaesthetic drugs and flap monitoring devices...

In the last decades, economic globalisation and the progress of ICT have promoted the international division of labour and optimisation of the global value chain. Moreover, improvements in incentives such as lower tariffs and more efficient border crossings have boosted international trade. Under this background, regional and sub-regional economic cooperation organizations, such as free trade area (FTA), have been developing rapidly and attracting many academic attentions. As the fastest growing FTA in the world, CAFTA is now the largest FTA in developing countries...