gut microbioma

Dementia, osteoporosis, and fragility fractures are chronic diseases, often co-existing in older adults. These conditions pose severe morbidity, long-term disability, and mortality, with relevant socioeconomic implications. While in the research arena, the discussion remains on whether dementia is the cause or the consequence of fragility fractures, healthcare professionals need a better understanding of the interplay between such conditions from epidemiological and physiological standpoints. With this review, we summarized the available literature surrounding the relationship between cognitive impairment, dementia, and both low bone mineral density (BMD) and fragility fractures...

The human gut microbiota is an integral component of the human body that can strike a delicate balance between health and disease [...].

Metabolic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are considered major risk factors associated with endometrial cancer. Considering that an imbalance in the gut microbiome may lead to metabolic alterations, we hypothesized that alteration in the gut microbioma might be an indirect factor in the development of endometrial cancer. Our aim was to profile the gut microbiota of patients with endometrial cancer compared with healthy controls in this study. Thus, we used 16S rRNA high-throughput gene sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq platform to profile microbial communities...

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The intestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in physiological homeostasis as well as in pathologic conditions. Hepatitis C virus is the leading cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. The treatment of this infection has been revolutionized by the availability of direct-acting antiviral agents which guarantee a high rate (about 95%) of viral clearance. Few studies have assessed the change in the gut microbiota of patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents against HCV, and many aspects still need to be clarified...

Recent technical advances in the analysis of human colonic bacterial consortia have led to a considerable explosion of research on the gut microbiota [...].

To date, the exact pathophysiology of haemorrhoids is poorly understood. The different philosophies on haemorrhoids aetiology may lead to different approaches of treatment. A pathogenic theory involving a correlation between altered anal canal microflora, local inflammation, and muscular dyssynergia is proposed through an extensive review of the literature. Since the middle of the twentieth century, three main theories exist: (1) the varicose vein theory, (2) the vascular hyperplasia theory, and (3) the concept of a sliding anal lining...

The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-related liver disease. Indeed, HCV infection alters the gut microbiota, whereas intestinal dysbiosis induces an underlying inflammatory state. This status may lead to liver disease progression. The advent of direct acting antivirals (DAAs) was a turning point in the history of HCV infection, which enhances the chances of recovery. Beyond the elimination of the virus, DAA therapy can affect the gut microbiota of the HCV patient. The study of the gut microbiota in the patient with HCV-related liver disease could be the first step in understanding the etiopathogenesis of hepatopathy thereby opening the way to new therapeutic opportunities...

BACKGROUND: At present, there is an increased interest in the vaginal microbiome. It is believed that microbes play equally important roles in the vagina, including the modulation of neuronal pathways, as in the gut. However, in man as well as in animals, the vagina is the least well-studied part of the female reproductive system. The vagina, a fibromuscular tract, having two main functions, i.e., childbirth and sexual intercourse, is mainly innervated by the pudendal nerve and the pelvic splanchnic nerves (the uterovaginal nerve plexus) containing sympathetic, parasympathetic and nociceptive nerve fibers...

Microglial cells polarized towards a proinflammatory phenotype are considered the main cellular players of neuroinflammation, underlying several neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition is associated with an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress that underlie chronic neuroinflammatory diseases, and perturbations to the gut microbiota were detected in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease...

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) allows the monitoring of microbiota composition of murine colonies employed for scientific purposes in a single test by assessing the composition of gut microbiome and the detection of pathogens from fecal pellets. In this study, we tested the potential use of mNGS for monitoring both microbiota composition and the presence of pathogens through Environmental Health Monitoring, by using exhaust dust collection filters derived from individually ventilated cages (IVC) systems...

Cavernous malformations (CMs) are benign vascular malformations that maybe seen anywhere in the central nervous system. They are dynamic lesions, growing or shrinking over time and only rarely remaining stable. Size varies from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. CMs can be sporadic or familial, and while most of them are congenital, de novo and acquired lesions may also be seen. Etiology is still unknown. A genetic molecular mechanism has been proposed since a cerebral cavernous malformation gene loss of function was found in both familial and sporadic lesions...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

The human gut microbiota is associated with the development and progression of colorectal cancer, and manipulation of the gut microbiota is a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Some bacteria have antitumor activity against colorectal cancer, where specific bacteria can improve the tumor microenvironment, activate immune cells including dendritic cells, helper T cells, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T cells, and upregulate the secretion of pro-tumor immune cytokines such as interleukin-2 and interferon...

Puberty is a critical phase of life associated with physiological changes related to sexual maturation, and represents a complex process regulated by multiple endocrine and genetic controls. Puberty is driven by hormones, and it can impact the gut microbiome (GM). GM differences between sex emerge at puberty onset, confirming a relationship between microbiota and sex hormones. In this narrative review, we present an overview of precocious pubertal development and the changes in the GM in precocious puberty (PP) in order to consider the role of the sex hormone-gut microbiome axis from the perspective of pediatric endocrinology...

INTRODUCTION: Autoimmune diseases account for a cumulative overall prevalence of about 3-5% worldwide. Among them, autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs) are the most common and comprise two main entities: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves-Basedow disease (GD). The pathogenesis of ATDs remains not fully elucidated, however the role of microbioma has been proposed. Gut microbiota exert an important influence on the intestinal barrier, nutrient metabolism and immune system development and functions...

Gut microbiota is a complex system that starts to take shape early in life. Several factors influence the rise of microbial gut colonization, such as term and mode of delivery, exposure to antibiotics, maternal diet, presence of siblings and family members, pets, genetics, local environment, and geographical location. Breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and later dietary patterns during infancy and toddlerhood are major players in the proper development of microbial communities. Nonetheless, if dysbiosis occurs, gut microbiota may remain impaired throughout life, leading to deleterious consequences, such as greater predisposition to non-communicable diseases, more susceptible immune system and altered gut-brain axis...

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic, uncontrolled inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Gut microbiota dysbiosis was reported to be a factor in intestinal inflammation. The aim of the present study was to study changes in the gut microbiome in Egyptian patients with active UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the gut bacterial microbiome of 21 UC patients and 20 control subjects was analyzed using the quantitative SYBR Green real-time PCR technique, targeting the 16S rRNA gene of selected bacterial phyla/genera and/or species...

BACKGROUND: The genomic approach has deeply changed the microbiology perspective, mainly concerning the microbioma identification. In this regard, some microbes colonize the healthy vagina. Vaginitis is a common gynecological ailment and includes bacterial vaginosis (BV), usually caused by local dysbiosis, such as a microbiota imbalance. Lactobacilli are the most prevalent bacteria colonizing the healthy vagina, so guaranteeing local eubiosis. In particular, vaginal colonization by L...

The role of intestinal microbioma and subclinical bowel inflammation in the etiology of sponsyloarthritis (SpA) has gained a lot of attention recently. Almost 65% of SpA patients will have asymptomatic bowel inflammation if assessed by ileocolonoscopy. The connection between intestinal inflammation and SpA originated the gut-joint axis hypothesis in which monocytes and T cells found in the joint would have origin in the gut.