carboxymethyllysine

CIGB-258 is a 3 kDa altered peptide ligand from heat shock protein (HSP) 60 that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity against the acute toxicity of carboxymethyllysine (CML) with antioxidant and anti-glycation activities via protection of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). It is necessary to test a synergistic interaction between apoA-I and CIGB-258 in reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL). Several rHDLs were synthesized containing palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC), cholesterol, apoA-I, and CIGB-258 at molar ratios of 95:5:1:0, 95:5:1:0...

Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) is produced by a nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugar and ε-amino group of lysine in food and exists as free and bound forms with varying digestibility and absorption properties in vivo , causing diverse interactions with gut microbiota. The effects of different forms of dietary CML on the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier of mice were explored. Mice were exposed to free and bound CML for 12 weeks, and colonic morphology, gut microbiota, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), intestinal barrier, and receptor for AGE (RAGE) signaling cascades were measured...

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed via the Maillard reaction (MR) during processing of foods, have been implicated in inflammatory and degenerative diseases in human beings. Cellular damage is primarily caused by AGE binding with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) on cell membranes. An isoform of RAGE, soluble RAGE (sRAGE), acts as a decoy receptor binding circulating AGEs preventing cellular activation. Pet food manufacturing involves processing methods similar to human food processing that may increase dietary AGEs (dAGEs)...

Obesity and overweight, frequently caused by a lack of exercise, are associated with many metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Aerobic exercise effectively increases the high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and alleviates the triglyceride (TG) levels. The consumption of Cuban policosanol (Raydel® ) is also effective in enhancing the HDL-C quantity and HDL functionality to treat dyslipidemia and hypertension. On the other hand, no study has examined the effects of a combination of high-intensity exercise and policosanol consumption in obese subjects to improve metabolic disorders...

Oxidative stress is one of the primary instigators of the onset of various human ailments, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. Particularly, oxidative stress severely affects low-density lipid & protein (LDL) oxidation, leading to several detrimental health effects. Therefore, in this study, the effect of beeswax alcohol (BWA) was evaluated in the prevention of LDL oxidation, enhancement of paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity of high-density lipid & protein (HDL), and zebrafish embryo survivability...

The contents of free and protein-bound advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) including Nε -carboxymethyllysine (CML) and Nε -carboxyethyllysine (CEL), along with glyoxal (GO), methylglyoxal (MGO), chemical components, and salt in commercially prepared and prefabricated fish products were analyzed. Snack food classified as commercially prepared products exhibited higher levels of GO (25.00 ± 3.34-137.12 ± 25.87 mg/kg of dry matter) and MGO (11.47 ± 1.39-43.23 ± 7.91 mg/kg of dry matter)...

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities of beeswax alcohol (BWA) are well reported in animal and human clinical studies, with a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood, reduced liver steatosis, and decreased insulin. However, there has been insufficient information to explain BWAs in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity owing to its limited solubility in an aqueous buffer system. Herein, three distinct reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) were prepared with palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC), cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and BWA at molar ratios of 95:5:1:0 (rHDL-0), 95:5:1:0...

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are non-enzymatic post-translational modifications of amino acids.  and are associated with diabetic complications. One proposed pathomechanism is the impaired processing of AGE-modified proteins or peptides including prohormones. Two approaches were applied to investigate whether substrate modification with AGEs affects the processing of substrates like prohormones to the active hormones. First, we employed solid phase peptide synthesis to generate unmodified as well as AGE-modified protease substrates...

Oxidative stress, resulting from the excessive intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and other free radical species, contributes to the onset and progression of various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Oxidative stress is also implicated in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Exacerbated oxidative stress leads to the accelerated formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a complex mixture of crosslinked proteins and protein modifications...

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the four processing stages of cooked sausage preparation (raw, drying, baking, and steaming) and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, and lipid and protein oxidation in sausages with spices. Baking and steaming significantly promoted lipid and protein oxidation. The Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) content increased from 4.32-4.81 µg/g in raw samples to 10.68-16.20 µg/g in the steamed sausages. Nε-carboxyethyllysine (CEL) concentrations increased by approximately 1...

Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) containing each policosanol from Cuba (Raydel® ), China (Shaanxi Pioneer), and the United States (Lesstanol® ) were synthesized to compare the physiological properties of policosanol depending on sources and origin countries. After synthesis with apolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I) into rHDL, all policosanols bound well with phospholipid and apoA-I to form discoidal rHDL. An rHDL containing Cuban policosanol (rHDL-1) showed the largest rHDL particle size of around 83 ± 3 nm, while rHDL containing Chinese policosanol (rHDL-2) or American policosanol (rHDL-3) showed smaller particles around 63 ± 3 nm and 60 ± 2 nm in diameter, respectively...

Ozonated sunflower oil (OSO) is an established therapeutic agent and nutraceutical harboring various therapeutic values, including antiallergic, derma-protective, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Conversely, the medicinal aspects of OSO for wound healing, tissue regeneration, and treatment of inflammation in dyslipidemia have yet to be fully elucidated. Herein, a comparative effect of OSO and sunflower oil (SO) was investigated to heal cutaneous wound and tissue regeneration of zebrafish impediment by carboxymethyllysine (CML) toxicity, following impact on hepatic inflammation and blood lipid profile...

AIMS: We aimed to determine whether plasma advanced glycation end products or oxidation products (AGE/oxidation-P) predict altered renal function and/or preeclampsia (PE) in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Prospectively, using a nested case-control design, we studied 47 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, of whom 23 developed PE and 24 did not. Nineteen nondiabetic, normotensive pregnant women provided reference values. In plasma obtained at ~12, 22, and 32 weeks' gestation (visits 1, 2, and 3; V1-V3), we measured five AGE products (carboxymethyllysine (CML), carboxyethyl-lysine (CEL), methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone (MGH1), 3-deoxyglucosone hydroimidazolone (3DGH), and glyoxal-hydroimidazolone (GH1)) and four oxidation products (methionine sulfoxide (MetSO), 2-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA), 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), and dityrosine (DT)), by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy...

In this study, we determined the levels of Maillard-type products (furosine, free fluorescent advanced glycation end products, 3-deoxyglucosone, methylglyoxal, and N-ε-carboxymethyllysine) in a model gluten-free bread made of wholegrain white, brown, wild, red, and black rice flour, as well as of yellow and purple corn flour. The total protein, lysine, arginine, and cysteine contents were found to relate directly to the formation of Maillard-type products. The malvidin, ferulic, syringic, sinapic, and p-coumaric acids present in gluten-free breads were effective against the formation of furosine, fluorescent compounds, and dicarbonyls, but were ineffective in mitigating CML...

Inhibiting the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the heat-processed food can reduce health risks related to diabetic complications. However, additives used for this purpose may also affect the sensory characteristics of food products. In this study, the effects of six hydrocolloids on the formation of AGEs were evaluated in the lysine-glucose model, with κ-carrageenan exhibited the highest inhibitory activity. Mechanistic investigations indicated that κ-carrageenan conjugated with the key intermediates of AGEs, namely glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO)...

SCOPE: Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are believed to interact with the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and lead to a pro-inflammatory cellular response. The structural basis for this interaction is scarcely understood. This study investigates the effect of individual lysine modifications in free form or bound to casein on human colon cancer cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Selectively glycated casein containing either protein-bound N-ε-carboxymethyllysine (CML), N-ε-fructosyllysine (FL), or pyrraline is prepared and up to 94%, 97%, and 61% of lysine modification could be attributed to CML, FL, or pyrraline, respectively...

This study investigated different methods to produce Nε -carboxymethyl-lysine (CML)-enriched bovine serum albumin (BSA) as alternatives to the classical approach using glyoxylic acid (GA) and sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3 CN) which results in toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The reaction of GA (6 mmol/L) and NaBH3 CN (21 mmol/L) to produce CML remained the most effective with CML yields of 24-35%, followed by 13-24% using 300 mmol/L glyoxal (GO). GA promoted specific modification of lysine to CML, and fewer structural modifications of the BSA molecule compared with GO, as evidenced by fluorescence and proteomic analyses...

Glycation is a cause of skin aging. This study investigated in a glycation-induced skin aging mouse model the effects on skin and mechanism of action of AGEs Blocker™ (AB), which contains goji berry, fig, and Korean mint mixed extract. This study sought to demonstrate the antiglycation effect of streptozotocin, thereby improving skin aging, by measuring advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and various skin parameters, including collagen; matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); inflammatory cytokines; activities of oxidative enzymes; and skin wrinkles, elasticity, and hydration...

Ozonated sunflower oil (OSO) is a well-known functional oil with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, and skin-moisturizing properties. However, studies on the effects of OSO on high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced metabolic disorders have been scarce. In the current study, we aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of OSO on lipid metabolism in adult hypercholesterolemic zebrafish and its embryos. Microinjection of OSO (final 2%, 10 nL) into zebrafish embryos under the presence of carboxymethyllysine (CML, 500 ng) protected acute embryo death up to 61% survival, while sunflower oil (final 2%) showed much less protection at around 42% survival...

Mancozeb (Mz) is one of the most widely used pesticides that has been reported to cause adverse human health risks. White Nelumbo nucifera ( N. nucifera ) petals have therapeutic properties to prevent toxicity. Hence, this study attempted to determine the effects of N. nucifera extract on hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in mancozeb-treated rats. Seventy-two male rats were divided into nine groups and designed with a control; N. nucifera extract was administered at the doses of 0.55, 1.1, and 2.2 mg/kg bw/day, Mz was administered at 500 mg/kg bw/day, and the co-treatment groups ( N...