Toll Like Receptor(TLR)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are inflammatory triggers and belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are central to the regulation of host protective adaptive immune responses. Activation of TLRs in innate immune myeloid cells directs lymphocytes to produce the most appropriate effector responses to eliminate infection and maintain homeostasis of the body's internal environment. Inappropriate TLR stimulation can lead to the development of general autoimmune diseases as well as chronic and acute inflammation, and even cancer...

Autoimmune myocarditis is the limited or diffuse inflammation of the myocardium due to dysfunctional cellular and humoral immunity mechanisms. We constructed mouse models of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) using peptide MyHC-α614-629. On the day after secondary immunization, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. On day 21, the cardiac tissues were harvested and weighed. The hearts of EAM mice were significantly enlarged and whitened. Furthermore, body weight (BW) slowly increased during the treatment period, the heart weight (HW) and the ratio of HW/eventual BW were increased, and inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis were aggravated in the myocardial tissue...

The IL-17 pathway displays remarkably diverse functional modes between different subphyla, classes, and even orders, yet its driving factors remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the IL-17 pathway originated through domain shuffling between a Toll-like receptor (TLR)/IL-1R pathway and a neurotrophin-RTK (receptor-tyrosine-kinase) pathway (a Trunk-Torso pathway). Unlike other new pathways that evolve independently, the IL-17 pathway remains intertwined with its donor pathways throughout later evolution...

BACKGROUND: Disease risk variants are likely to affect gene expression in a context- and cell-type specific manner. The membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7 (MBOAT7) rs8736 metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)-risk variant was recently reported to be a negative regulator of toll-like receptors (TLRs) signalling in macrophages. Whether this effect is generic or cell-type specific in immune cells is unknown. METHODS: We investigated the impact of modulating TLR signaling on MBOAT7 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the extensively studied pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play crucial roles in the immune responses of vertebrates and invertebrates. In this study, 14 TLR genes were identified from the genome-wide data of Octopus sinensis. Protein structural domain analysis showed that most TLR proteins had three main structural domains: extracellular leucine-rich repeats (LRR), transmembrane structural domains, and intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor domain (TIR). The results of subcellular localization prediction showed that the TLRs of O...

Vibrio harveyi causes high mortality and severely limits grouper culture. The gut microbiota is an important biological barrier against pathogen invasion. In this study, we investigated dynamic changes in the intestinal microbial community, gene transcription and immune responses signatures of pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♂ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♀) at 0, 3 and 7 days (referred to as d0, d3 and d7 groups, respectively) after infection with V. harveyi. The results demonstrated that the d7 treatment reduced the gut microbial diversity and increased the proportion of Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria...

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens that can infect many vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. While the Microsporidia phylum was defined as protozoa until the 1990s, it has been associated with fungi in line with the data obtained as a result of phylogenetic and molecular analyzes in recent years. Although approximately 200 genera and 1400 Microsporidia species related to these genera have been reported to date, only 14 species are known to cause infection in humans. Encephalitozoon intestinalis is one of the most frequently detected species in humans and causes serious clinical conditions in immunosuppressed individuals...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection can result in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), a spectrum of disorders characterized by neurological impairment and chronic inflammation. Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has elicited a marked reduction in the number of individuals diagnosed with HAND. However, there is continual, low-level viral transcription due to the lack of a transcription inhibitor in cART regimens, which results in the accumulation of viral products within infected cells...

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Lassa virus (LASV) share many genetic and biological features including subtle differences between pathogenic and apathogenic strains. Despite remarkable genetic similarity, the viscerotropic WE strain of LCMV causes a fatal LASV fever-like hepatitis in non-human primates (NHPs) while the mouse-adapted Armstrong (ARM) strain of LCMV is deeply attenuated in NHPs and can vaccinate against LCMV-WE challenge. Here, we demonstrate that internalization of WE is more sensitive to the depletion of membrane cholesterol than ARM infection while ARM infection is more reliant on endosomal acidification...

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a Herpesviridae family member, is associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disease development in the host. We previously demonstrated that EBV DNA elevates levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17A and that inhibiting Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, 7, or 9 reduces its levels. Moreover, this DNA exacerbated colitis in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the study at hand, we examined whether inhibition of TLR3, 7, or 9 alleviates this exacerbation. Mice were fed 1...

This study aimed to investigate the preventive effects of the total polyphenols from Nymphaea candida (NCTP) on LPS-induced septic acute lung injury (ALI) in mice and its mechanisms. NCTP could significantly ameliorate LPS-induced lung tissue pathological injury in mice as well as lung wet/dry ratio and MPO activities ( p < 0.05). NCTP could significantly decrease the blood leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, basophil, and eosinophil amounts and LPS contents in ALI mice compared with the model group ( p < 0...

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) is a protein that helps our immune system identify specific DNA types. Upon detection, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides signal the immune system to generate cytokines, essential proteins that contribute to the body's defence against infectious diseases. Native phosphodiester type B CpG ODNs induce only Interleukin-6 with no effect on interferon-α. We prepared silicon quantum dots containing different surface charges, such as positive, negative, and neutral, using amine, acrylate-modified Plouronic F-127, and Plouronic F-127...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 plays an important role in recognizing virus-derived nucleic acids. TLR7 signaling in astrocytes and microglia is critical for activating immune responses against neurotrophic viruses. Neurons express TLR7, similar to glial cells; however, the role of neuronal TLR7 has not yet been fully elucidated. This study sought to determine whether resiquimod, the TLR7/8 agonist, induces the expression of inflammatory chemokines in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that TLR7 was constitutively expressed in SH-SY5Y cells...

Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by various species of Aspergillus , most notably A. fumigatus . This fungus causes a spectrum of diseases, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and invasive aspergillosis. The clinical manifestations and severity of aspergillosis can vary depending on individual immune status and the specific species of Aspergillus involved. The recognition of Aspergillus involves pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as glucan, galactomannan, mannose, and conidial surface proteins...

Macrophage polarization to the M1 spectrum is induced by bacterial cell wall components through stimulation of Toll-like family (TLR) receptors. By orchestrating the expression of relevant mediators of the TLR cascade, as well as associated pathways and feedback loops, macrophage polarization is coordinated to ensure an appropriate immune response. This is central to the successful control of pathogens and the maintenance of health. Macrophage polarization is known to be modulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induce innate immune responses through activation of intracellular signaling pathways, such as MAP kinase and NF-κB signaling pathways, and play an important role in host defense against bacterial or viral infections. Meanwhile, excessive activation of TLR signaling leads to a variety of inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune diseases. TLR signaling is therefore strictly controlled to balance optimal immune response and inflammation. However, its balancing mechanisms are not fully understood...

Numerous studies have demonstrated that bacteriophages (phages) can effectively treat intestinal bacterial infections. However, research on the impact of phages on overall body health once they enter the intestine is limited. This study utilized weaned piglets as subjects to evaluate the systemic effects of an orally administered phage cocktail on their health. Twelve 21-day-old weaned piglets were divided into control (CON) and phage gavage (Phages) groups. The phage cocktail consisted of five lytic phages, targeting Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis ( S...

The amphibian taxon includes three orders that present different morphological characteristics: Anura, Caudata, and Apoda. Their skin has a crucial role: it acts as an immune organ constituting a physical, chemical, immunological, and microbiological barrier to pathogen insult and conducts essential physiological processes. Amphibians have developed specialized features to protect the vulnerable skin barrier, including a glandular network beneath the skin surface that can produce antimicrobial and toxic substances, thus contributing to the defense against pathogens and predators...

While previous reports have established the anti-inflammatory effects of hangeshashinto, the intracellular signal transduction pathways involved have yet to be elucidated. We aim to employ an experimental system using oral cancer cells to assess the impact of hangeshashinto on intracellular signal transduction pathways in response to stimulation by Porphyromonas gingivalis pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). Hangeshashinto demonstrated the ability to inhibit the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 induced by P...

BACKGROUND: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disease caused by hypomorphic loss of function in the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMA presents across a broad spectrum of disease severity. Unfortunately, genetic models of intermediate SMA have been difficult to generate in vertebrates and are thus unable to address key aspects of disease etiology. To address these issues, we developed a Drosophila model system that recapitulates the full range of SMA severity, allowing studies of pre-onset biology as well as late-stage disease processes...