keyword
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38140554/a-multiplex-rt-pcr-method-for-the-detection-of-reptarenavirus-infection
#1
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Francesca Baggio, Udo Hetzel, Barbara Prähauser, Eva Dervas, Eleni Michalopoulou, Tanja Thiele, Anja Kipar, Jussi Hepojoki
Reptarenaviruses cause Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD), a fatal disease of boid snakes with an economic and ecological impact, as it affects both captive and wild constrictor snakes. The clinical picture of BIBD is highly variable but often only limited. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IB), which develop in most cell types including blood cells, are the pathognomonic hallmark of BIBD; their detection represents the diagnostic gold standard of the disease. However, IBs are not consistently present in clinically healthy reptarenavirus carriers, which can, if undetected, lead to and maintain the spread of the disease within and between snake populations...
November 25, 2023: Viruses
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37968659/molecular-characterization-of-a-reptarenavirus-detected-in-a-colombian-red-tailed-boa-boa-constrictor-imperator
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Mohamed A Abouelkhair, Ashkan Roozitalab, Ola K Elsakhawy
The global decline in biodiversity is a matter of great concern for members of the class Reptilia. Reptarenaviruses infect snakes, and have been linked to various clinical conditions, such as Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD) in snakes belonging to the families Boidae and Pythonidae. However, there is a scarcity of information regarding reptarenaviruses found in snakes in both the United States and globally. This study aimed to contribute to the understanding of reptarenavirus diversity by molecularly characterizing a reptarenavirus detected in a Colombian Red-Tailed Boa (Boa constrictor imperator)...
November 15, 2023: Virology Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37733451/snakebite-envenoming-in-avian-species-a-systematic-scoping-review-and-practitioner-experience-survey
#3
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Charles O Cummings, Jessica M Eisenbarth
Snakebite envenoming in avian species is infrequently reported in the veterinary literature, although perhaps not as rarely as recent publications suggest. A systematic scoping review was performed on the topic using PubMed and Google Scholar, 21 veterinary textbooks, and 139 conference proceedings. A practitioner experience survey was also performed, with recruitment from Facebook groups for exotic animal practitioners and professional organization email listservs. Only 31 texts met our inclusion/exclusion criteria, which meant they described clinicopathologic signs of snakebite envenomation in avian species, the treatment of snakebite envenomation in avian species, or expanded the geographic range or the number of captive avian and snake species involved...
September 2023: Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37212675/reptarenavirus-s-segment-rna-levels-correlate-with-the-presence-of-inclusion-bodies-and-the-number-of-l-segments-in-snakes-with-reptarenavirus-infection-lessons-learned-from-a-large-breeding-colony
#4
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tanja Thiele, Francesca Baggio, Barbara Prähauser, Andres Ruiz Subira, Eleni Michalopoulou, Anja Kipar, Udo Hetzel, Jussi Hepojoki
Reptarenaviruses cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD), a fatal disease particularly impacting captive boa constrictor collections. The development of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) comprising reptarenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) in many cell types of affected snakes is characteristic of BIBD. However, snakes can harbor reptarenaviruses without showing IBs, hence representing carriers and a potential source of transmission. The RNA genome of reptarenaviruses comprises a small (S) and a large (L) segment, and the snakes with BIBD commonly carry a swarm of reptarenavirus segments...
May 22, 2023: Microbiology Spectrum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37042064/meningoencephalitis-caused-by-concurrent-infection-with-canine-distemper-virus-and-a-unique-sarcocystis-sp-in-a-gray-fox
#5
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sarita Neupane, James F X Wellehan, April L Childress, Eric R Snook, Brian F Porter
A deceased 9-wk-old male gray fox ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ) with a history of decreased ambulation and diarrhea was submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. No significant gross findings were evident on postmortem examination. Histologically, the cerebrum and brainstem had mild necrotizing meningoencephalitis with protozoal schizonts and merozoites. Additionally, glial cells contained intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies. Sections of the cerebrum were positive for canine distemper virus (CDV) and negative for Sarcocystis neurona on immunohistochemistry...
April 11, 2023: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36609309/afoxolaner-nexgard%C3%A2-in-pet-snakes-for-the-treatment-and-control-of-ophionyssus-natricis-mesostigmata-macronyssidae
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jairo Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan, Ettore Napoli, Livia Perles, Matteo Marino, Filippo Spadola, Philippe Berny, Bernadette España, Emanuele Brianti, Frederic Beugnet, Domenico Otranto
BACKGROUND: Ophionyssus natricis is the main species of mite that infests captive reptiles. High infestations may result in the host experiencing general discomfort and deleterious effects, even death. Moreover, O. natricis is an important vector of reptile vector-borne diseases and is considered to be the putative vector of the Reptarenavirus, the causal agent of the inclusion body disease. Despite the cosmopolitan distribution of O. natricis in captive reptiles, treatment options are limited...
January 6, 2023: Parasites & Vectors
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36592249/mammarenavirus-genetic-diversity-and-its-biological-implications
#7
REVIEW
Manuela Sironi, Diego Forni, Juan C de la Torre
Members of the family Arenaviridae are classified into four genera: Antennavirus, Hartmanivirus, Mammarenavirus, and Reptarenavirus. Reptarenaviruses and hartmaniviruses infect (captive) snakes and have been shown to cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD). Antennaviruses have genomes consisting of 3, rather than 2, segments, and were discovered in actinopterygian fish by next-generation sequencing but no biological isolate has been reported yet. The hosts of mammarenaviruses are mainly rodents and infections are generally asymptomatic...
2023: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36548722/heterologous-expression-and-immunogenic-potential-of-the-most-abundant-phospholipase-a-2-from-coral-snake-micrurus-dumerilii-to-develop-antivenoms
#8
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Luz E Romero-Giraldo, Sergio Pulido, Mario A Berrío, María F Flórez, Paola Rey-Suárez, Vitelbina Nuñez, Jaime A Pereañez
Micrurus dumerilii is a coral snake of clinic interest in Colombia. Its venom is mainly composed of phospholipases A2 being MdumPLA2 the most abundant protein. Nevertheless, Micrurus species produce a low quantity of venom, which makes it difficult to produce anticoral antivenoms. Therefore, in this work, we present the recombinant expression of MdumPLA2 to evaluate its biological activities and its immunogenic potential to produce antivenoms. For this, a genetic construct rMdumPLA2 was cloned into the pET28a vector and expressed heterologously in bacteria...
November 24, 2022: Toxins
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36094085/boid-inclusion-body-disease-is-also-a-disease-of-wild-boa-constrictors
#9
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Alejandro Alfaro-Alarcón, Udo Hetzel, Teemu Smura, Francesca Baggio, Juan Alberto Morales, Anja Kipar, Jussi Hepojoki
Reptarenaviruses cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD), a potentially fatal disease, occurring in captive constrictor snakes boas and pythons worldwide. Classical BIBD, characterized by the formation of pathognomonic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs), occurs mainly in boas, whereas in pythons, for example, reptarenavirus infection most often manifests as central nervous system signs with limited IB formation. The natural hosts of reptarenaviruses are unknown, although free-ranging/wild constrictor snakes are among the suspects...
September 12, 2022: Microbiology Spectrum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35862992/persistent-reptarenavirus-and-hartmanivirus-infection-in-cultured-boid-cells
#10
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Annika Lintala, Leonora Szirovicza, Anja Kipar, Udo Hetzel, Jussi Hepojoki
Mammarenaviruses establish a persistent infection in their rodent and bat hosts, and the evidence suggests that reptarenaviruses and hartmaniviruses found in captive snakes act similarly. In snakes, reptarenaviruses cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD), which is often associated with secondary infections. Snakes with BIBD usually carry more than a single pair of reptarenavirus S and L segments and occasionally demonstrate hartmanivirus coinfection. Here, we reported the generation of cell lines persistently infected with a single or two reptarenavirus(es) and a cell line with persistent reptarenavirus-hartmanivirus coinfection...
July 7, 2022: Microbiology Spectrum
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35737043/crotoxin-b-heterologous-expression-protein-folding-immunogenic-properties-and-irregular-presence-in-crotalid-venoms
#11
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Miguel Angel Mejía-Sánchez, Herlinda Clement, Ligia Luz Corrales-García, Timoteo Olamendi-Portugal, Alejandro Carbajal, Gerardo Corzo
Crotoxin complex CA/CB and crotamine are the main toxins associated with Crotalus envenomation besides the enzymatic activities of phospholipases (PLA2 ) and proteases. The neutralization at least of the crotoxin complex by neutralizing the subunit B could be a key in the production process of antivenoms against crotalids. Therefore, in this work, a Crotoxin B was recombinantly expressed to evaluate its capacity as an immunogen and its ability to produce neutralizing antibodies against crotalid venoms. A Crotoxin B transcript from Crotalus tzabcan was cloned into a pCR® 2...
May 31, 2022: Toxins
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33441344/experimental-reptarenavirus-infection-of-boa-constrictor-and-python-regius
#12
JOURNAL ARTICLE
U Hetzel, Y Korzyukov, S Keller, L Szirovicza, T Pesch, O Vapalahti, A Kipar, J Hepojoki
Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) causes losses in captive snake populations globally. BIBD is associated with the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs), which mainly comprise reptarenavirus nucleoprotein (NP). In 2017, BIBD was reproduced by cardiac injection of boas and pythons with reptarenaviruses, thus demonstrating a causative link between reptarenavirus infection and the disease. Here, we report experimental infections of Python regius ( n  = 16) and Boa constrictor ( n  = 16) with three reptarenavirus isolates...
January 13, 2021: Journal of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33089008/virtopsy-of-a-gravid-boa-constrictor-using-computed-tomography-and-magnetic-resonance-imaging
#13
Dominic Gascho, Udo Hetzel, Nicole Schmid, Rosa M Martinez, Michael J Thali, Henning Richter
This article presents radiologic examinations of a deeply sedated Boa constrictor with boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) as an adjunction to the subsequent necropsy. This method is known as virtopsy. The Boa constrictor in the present case was gravid. Computed tomography (CT) allowed for the detailed depiction of a fetal skeleton at the rear end of the adult snake. Furthermore, tiny gas formation was detected inside the cranium of the fetus, which was deemed a radiologic sign for decomposition. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) delineated the soft tissue at high resolution...
December 2020: Veterinary and Animal Science
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32549564/protein-electrophoresis-of-plasma-samples-from-boa-constrictors-with-and-without-reptarenavirus-infection
#14
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Christoph Leineweber, Jules Simard, Ekaterina Kolesnik, Tom Hellebuyck, Rachel E Marschang
Reptarenaviruses infect a variety of boid and pythonid snake species worldwide and have been shown to be the cause of inclusion body disease (IBD). Little is known about the correlations between virus infection and clinical disease, as well as the effects of viral infection on the immune system and the blood protein fractions. The goal of this study was to examine the differences in the plasma protein fractions in reptarenavirus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-negative and -positive tested snakes with and without clinical signs of disease...
June 2020: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine: Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32325527/-viral-diseases-of-reptiles-in-clinical-practice
#15
REVIEW
Rachel E Marschang
Viruses are the cause of several important diseases in reptiles. In recent years, numerous novel reptile-infecting viruses have been discovered. There are also an increasing number of tests available for detecting viral infections in these animals. This review offers an overview of common and important viral infections in reptiles, the associated diseases as well as their diagnosis. Specific viruses presented include those infecting reptiles commonly kept as pets, specifically squamates (snakes and lizards), turtles, and tortoises...
April 2020: Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32252443/differences-in-tissue-and-species-tropism-of-reptarenavirus-species-studied-by-vesicular-stomatitis-virus-pseudotypes
#16
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yegor Korzyukov, Rommel Iheozor-Ejiofor, Lev Levanov, Teemu Smura, Udo Hetzel, Leonora Szirovicza, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Anja Kipar, Olli Vapalahti, Jussi Hepojoki
Reptarenaviruses cause Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD), and co-infections by several reptarenaviruses are common in affected snakes. Reptarenaviruses have only been found in captive snakes, and their reservoir hosts remain unknown. In affected animals, reptarenaviruses appear to replicate in most cell types, but their complete host range, as well as tissue and cell tropism are unknown. As with other enveloped viruses, the glycoproteins (GPs) present on the virion's surface mediate reptarenavirus cell entry, and therefore, the GPs play a critical role in the virus cell and tissue tropism...
April 2, 2020: Viruses
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32238580/identification-of-reptarenaviruses-hartmaniviruses-and-a-novel-chuvirus-in-captive-native-brazilian-boa-constrictors-with-boid-inclusion-body-disease
#17
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Fernando Froner Argenta, Jussi Hepojoki, Teemu Smura, Leonora Szirovicza, Márcia Elisa Hammerschmitt, David Driemeier, Anja Kipar, Udo Hetzel
Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) is a transmissible viral disease of captive snakes that causes severe losses in snake collections worldwide. It is caused by reptarenavirus infection, which can persist over several years without overt signs but is generally associated with the eventual death of the affected snakes. Thus far, reports have confirmed the existence of reptarenaviruses in captive snakes in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, but there is no evidence that it also occurs in wild snakes. BIBD affects boa species within the subfamily Boinae and pythons in the family Pythonidae , the habitats of which do not naturally overlap...
May 18, 2020: Journal of Virology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32212570/detection-of-an-arenavirus-in-a-group-of-captive-wagler-s-pit-vipers-tropidolaemus-wagleri
#18
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Janosch Dietz, Ekaterina Kolesnik, Kim O Heckers, Marc-Niklas Klingberg, Rachel E Marschang
A group of eight Wagler's pit vipers ( Tropidolaemus wagleri ) from a private collection died with respiratory signs within 6 mo of one another. The group consisted of an adult breeding pair that was wild caught and six offspring from this pair. Four of the dead snakes were submitted for gross and histopathology. Signs of bacterial pneumonia were detected in all four examined snakes. No inclusion bodies suggestive of viral infection were found in any of the examined tissues. Polymerase chain reactions for the detection of ferla-, adeno-, reo-, and nidoviruses were all negative, but reptarenaviruses closely related to viruses previously described in boa constrictors ( Boa constrictor ) with inclusion body disease were detected in two of the four snakes...
March 17, 2020: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine: Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32119716/prevalence-of-inclusion-body-disease-and-associated-comorbidity-in-captive-collections-of-boid-and-pythonid-snakes-in-belgium
#19
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jules Simard, Rachel E Marschang, Christoph Leineweber, Tom Hellebuyck
Inclusion body disease (IBD) is caused by reptarenaviruses and constitutes one of the most notorious viral diseases in snakes. Although central nervous system disease and various other clinical signs have been attributed to IBD in boid and pythonid snakes, studies that unambiguously reveal the clinical course of natural IBD and reptarenavirus infection are scarce. In the present study, the prevalence of IBD and reptarenaviruses in captive snake collections and the correlation of IBD and reptarenavirus infection with the clinical status of the sampled snakes were investigated...
2020: PloS One
https://read.qxmd.com/read/31498825/antibody-response-in-snakes-with-boid-inclusion-body-disease
#20
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Katharina Windbichler, Eleni Michalopoulou, Pia Palamides, Theresa Pesch, Christine Jelinek, Olli Vapalahti, Anja Kipar, Udo Hetzel, Jussi Hepojoki
Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD) is a potentially fatal disease reported in captive boid snakes worldwide that is caused by reptarenavirus infection. Although the detection of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IB) in blood cells serves as the gold standard for the ante mortem diagnosis of BIBD, the mechanisms underlying IB formation and the pathogenesis of BIBD are unknown. Knowledge on the reptile immune system is sparse compared to the mammalian counterpart, and in particular the response towards reptarenavirus infection is practically unknown...
2019: PloS One
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