Oral hypoglycemic

The species in Sanghuangporus are a group of edible mushrooms with a long history of oral use in East Asia as a health-improvement method. They should be classified under the genus Sanghuangporus rather than mistakenly in Phellinus or Inonotus . The major components in this genus consist of polysaccharides, polyphenols, triterpenoids, and flavonoids, all of which exist in the fruiting bodies and mycelia. For extraction, studies have shown methods using hot water, ethanol, DES solvent, and alkaline, followed by purification methods including traditional anion column, Sevag solution, macroporous resin, and magnetic polymers...

This observational pilot study aimed to investigate continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics in older Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a CGM system (FreeStyle Libre Pro) during the first tirzepatide administration and compare the glycemic control measures before and after the initial injection. The four patients had a mean age of 79.5 years (standard deviation [SD]: 5.8), a mean body mass index of 24.6 kg/m2 (SD: 4.7), a mean glycated hemoglobin level of 9.1% (SD: 2.1), and a mean measurement period of 10...

INTRODUCTION: Global phase III clinical trials have shown superior hypoglycemic efficacy to insulin and other oral hypoglycemic agents. However, there is a scarcity of real-world data comparing different glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) directly. This study aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of various GLP-1RA in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a real-world clinical setting and identify predictive factors for favorable treatment outcomes. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center, real-world study...

INTRODUCTION: The TOujeo BEyond glucose control (TOBE) study evaluated clinical outcomes with insulin glargine 300 units/mL (Gla-300) in insulin-naïve Korean people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a real-world setting. METHODS: This 24-week, prospective, non-interventional, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, observational study included adults aged ≥ 20 years with T2DM suboptimally controlled with oral hypoglycemic agents and/or glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists who require basal insulin...

AIMS: To estimate the proportion of people with self-reported diabetes receiving eye and foot examinations in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of national health surveys in nine countries. Adults aged 25-64 years with self-reported diabetes. We quantified the proportion who reported having an eye examination in the last two years or a foot examination in the last year. We fitted multilevel Poisson regressions to assess socio-demographic (age and sex) and clinical (oral hypoglycemic medication and insulin treatment) variables associated with having had examinations...

The junctional epithelium (JE) serves a crucial protective role in the periodontium. High glucose-related aging results in accelerated barrier dysfunction of the gingival epithelium, which may be associated with diabetic periodontitis. Metformin, an oral hypoglycemic therapeutic, has been proposed as a anti-aging agent. This study aimed to clarify the effect of metformin on diabetic periodontitis and explore its mechanism in ameliorating senescence of JE during hyperglycemia. The db/db mice was used as a diabetic model mice and alterations in the periodontium were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry...

BACKGROUND: Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) represent a new type of hypoglycemic medicine that can cause massive loss of glucose from the urine, which have several benefits of reducing body weight and improving the prognosis of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Although they are oral medicated hypoglycemic agents, their effects on the gut microbiome and function have been unclear. OBJECTIVE: In order to describe the effects of canagliflozin on intestinal flora and metabolites, diabetic mice were randomized to receive canagliflozin or isoconcentration carboxymethylcellulose sodium by gavage for 8 weeks...

OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed at assessing the self-care practices and the associated socio-demographic variables of persons with T2DM in South East, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study involving 382 persons with T2DM proportionately selected from 4 tertiary health institutions in South Eastern, Nigeria. Data was collected using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) and a researcher-developed questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to persons with T2DM who attended a diabetic outpatient clinic...

BACKGROUND: In China, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among diabetic patients is estimated to be between 90%-95%. Additionally, China is among the 22 countries burdened by a high number of tuberculosis cases, with approximately 4.5 million individuals affected by active tuberculosis. Notably, T2DM poses a significant risk factor for the development of tuberculosis, as evidenced by the increased incidence of T2DM coexisting with pulmonary tuberculosis (T2DM-PTB), which has risen from 19...

Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth, a native medicinal plant, has been used to treat diabetes for centuries; however, comprehensive documentation of its bioactive constituents and therapeutic effectiveness is lacking. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical profile and antidiabetic potential of D. elliptica methanolic leaf extract (DEME) in diabetic Sprague Dawley rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ). In normal rats, acute oral toxicity evaluations were conducted, and in STZ-induced rats, antidiabetic properties were investigated...

A problem for patients with diabetes is the rise of complications, such as peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. Among them, peripheral neuropathy, characterized by numbness and/or hypersensitivity to pain in the extremities, is likely to develop in the early stages of diabetes. Empagliflozin (EMPA), a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, exerts hypoglycemic effects by preventing glucose reabsorption in proximal tubular cells. EMPA can improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetic patients, but its suppressive effect on the development of diabetic neuropathy remains unclear...

RATIONALE: Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) is a rare genetic disorder arising from mitochondrial DNA mutations, characterized by a combination of diabetes mellitus and sensorineural deafness. It is known that MIDD patients with cardiomyopathy have a poor prognosis, but there are no established guidelines for the diagnosis and follow-up of cardiomyopathy in MIDD patients. PATIENT CONCERNS: Patient 1 was a 48-year-old woman who visited the hospital with cardiomegaly and had been taking oral hypoglycemic agents for 8 years...

BACKGROUND: Dragon blood is a red fruit resin from the palm tree Daemonorops draco and is a herbal ingredient used in the traditional Chinese medicine, "Jinchuang Ointment," which is used to treat non-healing diabetic wounds. According to the Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopeia, the dracorhodin content in dragon blood should exceed 1.0%. RESULTS: Our findings indicate that dracorhodin and dragon blood crude extracts can stimulate glucose uptake in mouse muscle cells (C2C12) and primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RSMC)...

BACKGROUND:  A rising incidence of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) in India has escalated the rate of lower limb amputations in the country. The present study aims to evaluate the potential healing properties of homeopathic medicines as a part of the integrative management of DFUs through two evidence-based case reports. METHODS:  Two patients with DFUs, identified as Wagner grade 2, having had diabetes for 12 years, were treated with individualized homeopathic medicine within a multi-disciplinary approach...

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the real-world efficacy and safety of insulin degludec/insulin aspart (IDegAsp) in Korean adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whose insulin treatment was switched to IDegAsp. METHODS: This was a multicenter, retrospective, observational study comprising two 26-week treatment periods, before and after switching to IDegAsp, respectively. Korean adults with uncontrolled T2DM treated with basal or premix insulin (±oral antidiabetic drugs) were enrolled...

Glipizide is an oral glucose-lowering medication that is beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This study compiles exhaustively all accessible information on glipizide, from preclinical to clinical studies. Glipizide may be used in concert with TRAIL to treat cancer cells; in vitro studies have shown that it suppresses angiogenesis and vasculogenesis while shielding cells from glycation-induced damage. Anticonvulsant effects and modifications in the pharmacokinetics of other medications, such as Divalproex Sodium, were seen in glipizide in vivo experiments...

Vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor is effective in reducing HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) when administered as monotherapy, dual or triple combination therapy. In India, Vildagliptin is commonly prescribed in T2DM patients because it reduces mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), has lower risk of hypoglycemia and is weight neutral. Early combination therapy with vildagliptin and metformin is effective and well-tolerated in patients with T2DM, regardless of age or ethnicity...

The mammary gland of mammals can generate numerous bioactive proteins. To express the human amylin protein in the mammary glands of domestic animals, we engineered a transgenic mammary gland bioreactor. For this study, we produced transgenic mice through prokaryotic microinjection. RT-PCR, qPCR, and Western blotting confirmed the presence of transgenes in the mice. The ELISA assay indicated an amylin yield of approximately 1.44 μg/mL in the mice milk. Further research revealed that consuming milk containing amylin resulted in a slight, but insignificant enhancement in food consumption, blood sugar equilibrium, and glucose tolerance...

Metformin is the most prescribed oral hypoglycemic drug and is considered by many health practitioners as the first-line treatment for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is used either as a monotherapy or adjuvant to other anti-hyperglycemic agents. Most of its side effects are usually mild and self-limiting. However, several studies have shown an association between the use of metformin and low vitamin B12 levels in diabetic patients. The current review aimed to provide a literature review of the current published reports on the association, the possible mechanisms, and the related individualized risk factors that might lead to this incidence...

In this perspective review, we describe a brief background on the status quo of diabetes mellitus-related therapies and glycemic control among patients in rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. The article discusses insulin therapy as well as the difficulties in obtaining insulin and oral hypoglycemic medications for diabetic patients living in sub-Saharan Africa. We wrap up our discussion with suggestions on solutions and opportunities for future research to tackle this health challenge in these impoverished communities...