olm cell

Industrialization has transformed the gut microbiota, reducing the prevalence of Prevotella relative to Bacteroides . Here, we isolate Bacteroides and Prevotella strains from the microbiota of Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, a population with high levels of Prevotella . We demonstrate that plant-derived microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) are required for persistence of Prevotella copri but not Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in vivo . Differences in carbohydrate metabolism gene content, expression, and in vitro growth reveal that Hadza Prevotella strains specialize in degrading plant carbohydrates, while Hadza Bacteroides isolates use both plant and host-derived carbohydrates, a difference mirrored in Bacteroides from non-Hadza populations...

OBJECTIVE: To position the Brazilian Transplant System within the context of the 4 Strategic Lines of Action proposed by the Pan-American Health Organization. METHOD: A specialist analysis was conducted through comparative analyses of the 4 Strategic Lines of Action, objectives, and indicators outlined in the Action Plan, along with the donation and transplantation system in accordance with Brazilian transplantation law. Subsequent to an in-depth review of the document issued by the health authority, a series of meetings involving 8 specialists in organ donation and transplantation were conducted...

GABAergic inhibitory neurons fundamentally shape the activity and plasticity of cortical circuits. A major subset of these neurons contains somatostatin (SOM); these cells play crucial roles in neuroplasticity, learning, and memory in many brain areas including the hippocampus, and are implicated in several neuropsychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Two main types of SOM-containing cells in area CA1 of the hippocampus are oriens-lacunosum-moleculare (OLM) cells and hippocampo-septal (HS) cells...

Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) consumption by the infant microbiota is positively associated with immune health. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Buzun et al. report a mechanism for HMO digestion by Bacteroides fragilis and demonstrate how the same pathway works on intestinal mucus to establish long-term gut residency.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disorder involving scarring of pulmonary tissue and a subsequent decrease in respiratory capacity, ultimately resulting in death. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5) plays a role in IPF but the exact mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we have utilized various perturbations of the bleomycin mouse model of IPF including genetic knockout, RANKL inhibition, and macrophage adoptive transfer to further understand ACP5's role in pulmonary fibrosis...

Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are kind of easily fabricated and low-cost light-emitting devices that can efficiently convert electric power to light energy. Compared with blue and green LECs, the performance of deep-red LECs is limited by the high non-radiative rate of emitters in long-wavelength region. While various organic emitters with deep-red emission have been developed to construct high-performance LECs, including polymers, metal complexes, and organic luminous molecules (OLMs), but this is seldom summarized...

The microbiota influences intestinal health and physiology, yet the contributions of commensal protists to the gut environment have been largely overlooked. Here, we discover human- and rodent-associated parabasalid protists, revealing substantial diversity and prevalence in nonindustrialized human populations. Genomic and metabolomic analyses of murine parabasalids from the genus Tritrichomonas revealed species-level differences in excretion of the metabolite succinate, which results in distinct small intestinal immune responses...

Given the climate projections for livestock rearing regions globally, understanding the inflammatory status of livestock under various heat loads will be informative to animal welfare and management. A survey of plasma inflammatory markers was conducted, and blood leucocyte counts followed to investigate the capacity of the ~ 500 kg grain fed Black Angus steer to respond to and recover from a moderate heat load challenge. Two sequential cohorts of 12 steers were housed in climate-controlled rooms (CCR) for 18 days...

Oral lichenoid mucositis (OLM) of the oral mucosa is a histological diagnosis mainly characterised by a band of inflammatory infiltrate in lamina propria and basal cell degeneration. These features describe oral lichen planus or oral lichenoid reaction. However, it could be seen in oral dysplasia. The study aimed to assess the demographics and clinicohistological characteristics of patients with OLM and their relevance to dysplastic changes in the oral mucosa. This was a cross-sectional and retrospective study of archived and electronic records of individuals with histological confirmation of OLM at King Saud University Medical City, Saudi Arabia...

There has been a significant shift in the perception of hypertension as an important contributor to the global disease burden. Approximately 6% and 8% of pregnancies are affected by hypertension, which can adversely affect the mother and the fetus. Furthermore, a hypertensive individual is at increased risk of developing kidney disease, arterial hardening, eye damage, and strokes. Using angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is widespread in treating hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and diabetic nephropathy...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play crucial roles in various human disorders, with the α7, α4, α6, and α3-containing nAChR subtypes extensively studied in relation to conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, nicotine dependence, mood disorders, and stress disorders. In contrast, the α2-nAChR subunit has received less attention due to its more restricted expression and the scarcity of specific agonists and antagonists for studying its function. Nevertheless, recent research has shed light on the unique expression pattern of the Chrna2 gene, which encodes the α2-nAChR subunit, and its involvement in distinct populations of inhibitory interneurons...

Lung cancer represents the leading cause of annual cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for 12.9%. The available treatment options for patients who experience disease progression remain limited. Targeted therapeutic approaches are promising but further understanding of the role of genetic alterations in tumorigenesis is imperative. The MET gene has garnered great interest in this regard. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the findings from multiple studies to provide a comprehensive and unbiased summary of the evidence...

The gut microbiome modulates immune and metabolic health. Human microbiome data are biased toward industrialized populations, limiting our understanding of non-industrialized microbiomes. Here, we performed ultra-deep metagenomic sequencing on 351 fecal samples from the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania and comparative populations in Nepal and California. We recovered 91,662 genomes of bacteria, archaea, bacteriophages, and eukaryotes, 44% of which are absent from existing unified datasets. We identified 124 gut-resident species vanishing in industrialized populations and highlighted distinct aspects of the Hadza gut microbiome related to in situ replication rates, signatures of selection, and strain sharing...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied for their potential benefits in treating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and have reported mild effects when trialed within human clinical trials. MSCs have been investigated in preclinical models with efficacy when administered at the time of lung injury. Human integrin α10β1-selected adipose tissue-derived MSCs (integrin α10β1-MSCs) have shown immunomodulatory and regenerative effects in various disease models. We hypothesized that integrin α10β1 selected-MSCs can be used to treat a sepsis-induced ARDS in a porcine model when administering cells after established injury rather than simultaneously...

UNLABELLED: Hippocampal somatostatin-expressing ( Sst ) GABAergic interneurons (INs) exhibit considerable anatomical and functional heterogeneity. Recent single cell transcriptome analyses have provided a comprehensive Sst -IN subtype census, a plausible molecular ground truth of neuronal identity whose links to specific functionality remain incomplete. Here, we designed an approach to identify and access subpopulations of Sst -INs based on transcriptomic features. Four mouse models based on single or combinatorial Cre- and Flp- expression differentiated functionally distinct subpopulations of CA1 hippocampal Sst- INs that largely tiled the morpho-functional parameter space of the Sst -INs superfamily...

Developing delivery vehicles that achieve drug accumulation in the liver and transferability into hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) across the liver sinusoidal endothelium is essential to establish a treatment for hepatic fibrosis. We previously developed hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated polymeric micelles that exhibited affinity to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. HA-coated micelles possess a core-shell structure of self-assembled biodegradable poly(l-lysine)- b -poly(lactic acid) AB-diblock copolymer (PLys+ - b -PLLA), and its exterior is coated with HA through polyion complex formation via electrostatic interaction between anionic HAs and cationic PLys segments...

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to predominantly infect the airways and the respiratory tract and too often have an unpredictable and different pathologic pattern compared to other respiratory diseases. Current clinical diagnostical tools in pulmonary medicine expose patients to harmful radiation, are too unspecific or even invasive. Proteomic analysis of exhaled breath particles (EBPs) in contrast, are non-invasive, sample directly from the pathological source and presents as a novel explorative and diagnostical tool...

Phase amplitude coupling (PAC) between slow and fast oscillations is found throughout the brain and plays important functional roles. Its neural origin remains unclear. Experimental findings are often puzzling and sometimes contradictory. Most computational models rely on pairs of pacemaker neurons or neural populations tuned at different frequencies to produce PAC. Here, using a data-driven model of a hippocampal microcircuit, we demonstrate that PAC can naturally emerge from a single feedback mechanism involving an inhibitory and excitatory neuron population, which interplay to generate theta frequency periodic bursts of higher frequency gamma...

Conductance-based models have played an important role in the development of modern neuroscience. These mathematical models are powerful "tools" that enable theoretical explorations in experimentally untenable situations, and can lead to the development of novel hypotheses and predictions. With advances in cell imaging and computational power, multi-compartment models with morphological accuracy are becoming common practice. However, as more biological details are added, they make extensive explorations and analyses more challenging largely due to their huge computational expense...

Salvadora oleoides is used in Pakistani traditional medicine to treat inflammatory conditions, piles, boils, and ulcers. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of S. oleoides (a mixture of aerial branches, leaves, and stem bark), we prepared crude extracts in Soxhlet apparatus by successively using different solvents and found the methanolic extract (OLM) to significantly inhibit the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes in J774 macrophages, at 50 µg/mL concentration...