Noninvasive

Necrosis is common in skin flap surgeries. Photobiomodulation, a noninvasive and effective technique, holds the potential to enhance microcirculation and neovascularization. As such, it has emerged as a viable approach for mitigating the occurrence of skin flap necrosis. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the scientific literature considering the use of photobiomodulation to increase skin-flap viability. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), was used to conducted systematic literature search in the databases PubMed, SCOPUS, Elsevier and, Scielo on June 2023...

Hyperspectral imaging is a remote sensing technique that enables remote, noninvasive measurement of plant traits. Here, we outline the procedures for camera setup, scanning, and calibration, along with the acquisition of black and white reference materials, which are the key steps in collecting hyperspectral imagery. We also discuss the development of predictive models such as partial least-squares regression, using both large and small datasets, which are used to predict plant traits from hyperspectral data...

Infrared thermography offers a rapid, noninvasive method for measuring plant temperature, which provides a proxy for stomatal conductance and plant water status and can therefore be used as an index for plant stress. Thermal imaging can provide an efficient method for high-throughput screening of large numbers of plants. This chapter provides guidelines for using thermal imaging equipment and illustrative methodologies, coupled with essential considerations, to access plant physiological processes.

Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging provides a noninvasive rapid screen to assess the physiological status of a number of leaves or plants simultaneously. Although there are no standard protocols for chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, here we provide an example of routines for some of the typical measurements.

Chlorophyll fluorescence is a rapid and noninvasive tool used for probing the activity of photosynthesis that can be used in vivo and in the field. It is highly relevant to the demands of high-throughput crop phenotyping and can be automated or manually applied. In this chapter, we describe protocols and advice for making fast timescale fluorescence measurements using handheld equipment in the laboratory or in the field in the context of phenotyping. While interpretation of some measured parameters requires caution for the purpose of identifying underlying mechanisms, we demonstrate this technique is appropriate for some applications where convenience, rapidity, and sensitivity are required...

Nonfoliar gas exchange provides a noninvasive way to measure photosynthesis and other gas exchange parameters, enabling the assessment of their potential contribution to yield. Photosynthesis in nonfoliar material has been gaining increasing attention due to its contribution to yield, especially under conditions when leaf photosynthesis is compromised. Here, we provide methods and approaches along with examples of measuring gas exchange in nonfoliar material using a specialized chamber.

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Genotyping is a common and necessary procedure performed on genetically modified animals to distinguish carriers from noncarriers of the variants of interest. Established methods involve collection of tissues such as tips of tails or notches of ears. Noninvasive methods have been described but not widely adopted for reasons including inertia to change, needs to adjust PCR protocols, and the lack of validation; noninvasive genotyping methods are a refinement on animal welfare, but questions remain regarding how they compare with invasive methods in terms of genotyping accuracy rate and reproducibility...

The simple body plan and semitranslucent cuticle of the Drosophila larva allow for imaging of structures close to the body wall within intact animals. These include sensory neurons, muscles, neuromuscular junctions, and some regions of the segmental nerve. However, imaging within an intact larva requires a strategy to immobilize the animal in a position that presents the structures within the working distance of the microscope objective. Although various methods have been implemented for Drosophila larvae, this protocol describes a simple and noninvasive method that makes use of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) larva chip...

AIMS: Our previous 3-period crossover study in healthy volunteers comparing the pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine nasal spray Apain with parenteral nalbuphine solution demonstrated high bioavailability of the nasal spray and close similarity of pharmacokinetic profiles after intranasal and intramuscular administration, especially within 30 min postdose. The aim of the present study was a noninferiority assessment of nalbuphine nasal spray vs. intramuscular injection for pain relief in postoperative patients...

The rapidly expanding field of circular RNA (circ-RNA) research has opened new avenues in cancer diagnostics and treatment, highlighting the role of serum circRNAs as potential biomarkers for assessing tumor therapy resistance. This review comprehensively compiles existing knowledge regarding the biogenesis, function, and clinical relevance of circRNAs, emphasizing their stability, abundance, and cell type-specific expression profiles, which make them ideal candidates for noninvasive early biomarkers in cancer treatment...

The mutated enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 has been detected in various tumor entities such as gliomas and can convert α-ketoglutarate into the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). This neuro-oncologically significant metabolic product can be detected by MR spectroscopy and is therefore suitable for noninvasive glioma classification and therapy monitoring.This paper provides an up-to-date overview of the methodology and relevance of 1 H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) in the oncological primary and follow-up diagnosis of gliomas...

Seismocardiogram (SCG) signals are noninvasively obtained cardiomechanical signals containing important features for cardiovascular health monitoring. However, these signals are prone to contamination by motion noise, which can significantly impact accuracy and robustness of the measurements. A deep learning model based on the U-Net architecture is proposed to recover SCG signals contaminated by motion noise induced by walking. The model performance was evaluated through qualitative visualization, as well as quantitative analyses...

BACKGROUND: Intermittent exotropia is a common form of pediatric strabismus characterized by intermittent misalignment of the eyes. This study investigated the clinical effectiveness of alternating occlusion therapy as a non-surgical alternative for children aged 3-10 with intermittent exotropia. METHODS: A comprehensive review of recent research, including randomized controlled trials and case series, was conducted. These studies utilized standardized control scores to assess the impact of alternating occlusion therapy on both distance and near control of alignment...

Objective: To perform a bibliometric analysis in the field of biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: Publications were from Web of Science. Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, Science Mapping Analysis software Tool, CiteSpace and Tableau were used for analysis. Results: A total of 1112 publications were identified; 1503 institutions from 69 countries contributed, with the highest outputs from China and Karolinska University Hospital. Petri had a tremendous impact. Academic collaborations were localized...

OBJECTIVE: To establish a haplotype-based noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) workflow for single-gene recessive disorders that adapt to dizygotic (DZ) twin pregnancies. METHOD: Twin pregnancies at risk of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy, hemophilia B, spinal muscular atrophy, phenylketonuria, and nonsyndromic hearing loss were recruited. For subsequent analysis, capture sequencing targeting highly heterozygotic single nucleotide polymorphism sites was conducted...

Neurofibrillary tangles of tau constitute one of the key biological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Currently, the assessment of regional tau accumulation requires intravenous administration of radioactive tracers for PET imaging. A noninvasive MRI-based solution would have significant clinical implications. Herein, we utilized an MRI technique known as chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) to determine the imaging signature of tau in both its monomeric and pathologic fibrillated conformations. Three sets of purified recombinant full-length (4R) tau protein were prepared for collection of CEST spectra using a 9...

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections associated with numerous hospitalizations. Recently, intramuscular (i.m.) vaccines against RSV have been approved for elderly and pregnant women. Noninvasive mucosal vaccination, e.g., by inhalation, offers an alternative against respiratory pathogens like RSV. Effective mucosal vaccines induce local immune responses, potentially resulting in the efficient and fast elimination of respiratory viruses after natural infection...

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy can be used to treat a variety of lesions noninvasively, including oral cancer. High-power laser therapy has also been used to treat oral squamous cell carcinomas. The two main components of photodynamic treatment are the photosensitizer and the light source. Herbal formulations of photosensitizers are used to mask the disadvantages of other photosensitizers. METHODOLOGY: A methanol-diluted 25 grams of Punica granatum was used to create an anthocyanin extract using the flash evaporation method...

OBJECTIVES: Salivary cortisol reflects the biologically active form of serum cortisol, offering a noninvasive evaluation method for the diurnal rhythm of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. While liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is known for its specificity, immunoassays (IA) are commonly used because of their simplicity. This study aimed to assess the performance of salivary cortisol measurement using both IA and LC-MS/MS in comparison to serum-free cortisol measurement...