Epistaxis review

Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) is a rare bleeding disorder caused by dysfunction of the von Willebrand factor (vWF), leading to bleeding manifestations. It usually occurs due to an underlying disorder in patients with no family or personal history of bleeding diathesis. The exact mechanism causing this syndrome is not fully understood, but it involves a complex interplay of factors. Specifically, vWF deficiency or reduced activity can occur due to antibodies, adsorption of vWF onto tumor cells, shear stress, or increased proteolysis...

BACKGROUND: Epistaxis is a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits, accounting for approximately 1 of every 200 ED visits in the United States annually and up to one-third of all otolaryngology (ENT)-related ED encounters. OBJECTIVES: To detail reasons for ENT consultation for epistaxis in the ED, understand how consultation impacts patient care, assess follow-up patterns after emergency care, and study patient care after transfer or referral into the ED...

AIM: To investigate the feasibility of a radiomics nomogram model for predicting malignant transformation in sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) based on radiomic signature and clinical risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single institutional retrospective review included a total of 143 patients with IP and 75 patients with IP with malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma (IP-SCC). All patients underwent surgical pathology and had preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) sinus studies between June 2014 and February 2022...

OBJECTIVE: To provide an analysis of complications following eustachian tube balloon dilation as well as their treatments and outcomes. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Ovid Embase, and MAUDE Database. REVIEW METHODS: A systematic approach following PRISMA guidelines was used to identify publications pertaining to balloon dilation of the eustachian tube from PubMed and Ovid Embase databases was used. Once these publications were critically reviewed, the primary outcome extracted were reported complications...

OBJECTIVES: Pediatric epistaxis is a multifactorial disease entity. The objective of this study is to determine the socioeconomic and air-quality contributions to pediatric epistaxis. The study also evaluates the utility of diagnostic lab work as a predictor of bleeding rates and need for operative intervention. METHODS: A case series of pediatric patients treated in an outpatient Otolaryngology clinic at a tertiary care children's hospital in 2021 for epistaxis was performed...

A 32-year-old male presented with recurrent bilateral epistaxis and nasal obstruction, leading to a rare diagnosis of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Although primarily observed in adolescents, this case underscores its presence in older populations. The patient underwent a successful endoscopic resection, contributing to the scant documented instances of such cases in adult U.S. males.

BACKGROUND: Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma (JNA) is a fibrovascular tumor of the nasopharynx that classically presents in adolescent males. The reported mean age of onset is between 13 and 22 years old [1-6]. Significant androgen stimulation is hypothesized to explain the strong predisposition for JNA to present in young adolescent males. However, considerable variability in age at diagnosis exists with rare involvement of very young patients incongruent with typical male pubertal growth patterns...

PURPOSE: To comprehensively summarize the clinical data and CT/MRI characteristics of thyroid-like low-grade nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma (TL-LGNPPA). METHODS: Twenty-seven lesions from 25 study articles identified through a systematic review and three lesions from our institution associated with TL-LGNPPA were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients at diagnosis was 35.7 years, and the male-to-female ratio was nearly half...

PURPOSE: We report a case of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome type 7 (HPS-7) caused by a homozygous variant in the dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 gene ( DTNBP1 ) and highlight the genetic challenges associated with this rare disorder. METHODS: Case report. Literature review was performed by searching PubMed on May 2023, without language or date restriction, using the following terms: Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 7, and dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 gene...

Sinonasal non-intestinal-type adenocarcinoma is a rare but important differential diagnosis in patients presenting with recurrent, unexplained epistaxis. Low-grade types have a more favourable prognosis as opposed to the more aggressive high-grade. Symptoms include nasal obstruction and epistaxis that can last up to 5 years. We report a case of a rare low-grade sinonasal non-intestinal-type adenocarcinoma in a 43-year-old male who is frequently exposed to wood and dust particles. Endoscopy revealed right nasal mass occupying the entire nasal cavity as well as inferior turbinate hypertrophy and mass attached to the nasal septum on computed tomography...

This article aims to ascertain the prevalence of loss of hearing in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and also to examine potential causes of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in patients suffering from CKD. It has been discovered in recent years that there is a relationship between the occurrence of SNHL and CKD. Nowadays many people are suffering from CKD. These patients deal with several otorhinolaryngological issues, such as SNHL, candidiasis, epistaxis, halitosis, dysgeusia, xerostomia, and lip and thyroid malignancies...

BACKGROUND: Paranasal sinus angiosarcoma is an uncommon malignancy, with only a few reported cases worldwide. Although it exhibits multiple symptoms, facial paralysis has not been previously documented as a noticeable presentation. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case, we report a 40-year-old male who presented with facial numbness and pain for one month, weakness of his facial muscles for 15 days, and recurrent right epistaxis for 1 year. He had a history of nasal inflammatory polyps with chronic sinusitis...

PURPOSE: Posterior epistaxis is a common emergency in ENT practice varying in severity and treatment. Many management guidelines have been proposed, all of which are a product of retrospective analyses due to the nature of this pathology, as large-scale double-blind studies are impossible-even unethical-to conduct. The purpose of this review is to perform a thorough analysis and comparison of every treatment plan available and establish guidelines for the best possible outcome in accordance to every parameter studied...

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by vascular malformations. This comprehensive review aimed to provide an overview and summarize various aspects of HHT, including the genetic abnormalities, complications associated with visceral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), prognosis of HHT, quality of life (QOL), and treatment of epistaxis. In addition, this review highlights the challenges in diagnosing HHT and emphasizes the critical role of otolaryngologists in the early detection of HHT...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To analyze and compare the effects of epistaxis treatments for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Of total of 21 randomized controlled trials (RCT), the data from 15 RCTs (697 patients, 7 treatments: timolol, propranolol, bevacizumab, doxycycline, tacrolimus, estriol/estradiol, and tranexamic acid) were pooled for the meta-analyses while the other 6 studies (treatments: electrosurgical plasma coagulation, KTP laser, postoperative packing, tamoxifen, sclerosing agent, and estriol) were reviewed qualitatively...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the risk of recurrent epistaxis between children treated with silver nitrate (SN) in the office or electrocautery (EC) in the operating room (OR). METHODS: Patients aged 2-18 diagnosed with epistaxis (ICD R04.0) in 2018 and treated with SN or EC were retrospectively reviewed. Epistaxis laterality, history of nasal trauma, and personal or family history of a bleeding disorder were recorded. Patients with prior cautery or epistaxis secondary to a procedure were excluded...

Introduction : Myoepithelioma is a rare neoplasm of the salivary glands and accounts for less than 1% of salivary gland neoplasms. Only 7 cases of myoepithelioma in the nasal cavity have been reported till date in literature. Case Report : A 61 year old male presented to us with epistaxis. There was a pinkish fleshy mass occupying the right nasal cavity. Biopsy showed evidence of an epithelial tumor of intermediate aggressiveness. We did an endoscopic complete excision of nasal cavity mass. Histopathological examination of the resected tumor was consistent with myoepithelioma...

INTRODUCTION: Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) was recognised as a distinct pathologic entity in World Health Organisation classification. It is an extremely rare low grade carcinoma of salivary gland, with characteristic biphasic tubular structures. It predominantly occurs in Parotid gland but can also be seen in nasopharynx, lacrimal gland, paranasal sinuses, larynx, lung. Nasal EMC (excluding the paranasal sinuses as primary tumour site) are very rare with only 13 cases reported till date...

Hemophilic pseudotumor is a rare, yet dangerous complication of hemophilia. It has been reported previously at sites prone to recurrent trauma like long bones and pelvis. However, in the field of otorhinolaryngology, few cases are reported and therefore there is no established protocol for management. We hereby report a case of a 2-year-old boy, a known case of hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), who presented with recurrent epistaxis not responding to medical management. Imaging was done and revealed a heterogenous nasal mass compressing the left orbital wall, extending to the sphenoid sinus, and causing skull base erosion...

Epistaxis, commonly known as nasal bleeding, ranks among the most prevalent emergencies encountered in otorhinolaryngology. The etiology of epistaxis is multifaceted, arising from both local and systemic factors. In Saudi Arabia, a country with a relatively high prevalence of epistaxis, understanding the level of awareness and attitudes toward first aid management of epistaxis is of paramount importance. This systematic review aims to bridge this knowledge gap by evaluating the awareness of and attitudes toward epistaxis first aid in Saudi Arabia...